What is Paper 1 Is a source-base paper Lasts 1 hour Worth 20%
of the assessment
Slide 3
1. Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the
Fourteen Points 2. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919-20
Versailles St Germain Trianon Neuilly Sevres Lusanne 1923
Slide 4
3. The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on
Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system 4.
Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism the
retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee; disarmament Washington,
London, Geneva conferences 5. The League of Nations: effects of the
absence of major powers; the principle of collective responsibility
and early attempts at peacekeeping (1920-25)
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6. The Ruhr Crisis (1923); Locarno and the Locarno Spring
(1925) 7. Depression and threats to international peace and
collective security: Manchuria (1931-3) and Abyssinia (1935-6)
Slide 6
What type of sources will be included on the examination paper?
The will be either primary or a mixture of primary and secondary
They may consist of Written sources letters, text of a speech,
extracts from books Visual sources paintings, cartoons, photos,
diagrams and statistical information The number of sources will be
5
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Question 1 Asks you to explain in your own words the message of
one of the sources or selected parts of it, e.g. according to
Source A, why did...? It is a comprehension question Question 1
will be subdivided into a part (a) and a part (b) It is worth 5
marks One part will be 2 marks the other 3
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Question 2 Asks you to compare and contrast the views expressed
by two sources, e.g. compare and contrast the views expressed in
Source A and Source C and the reasons why... Worth 6 marks
Slide 9
Asks you to asses the value and limitations of two sources with
reference to the sources origins and purpose, e.g. With reference
to their origins and purpose asses the value and limitation of
Sources B and D to an historian studying the Locarno Treaty. Worth
6 marks
Slide 10
Asks you to use your own knowledge and the sources to construct
an argument in answer to a question about the prescribed subject,
e.g. Using the sources and your own knowledge, analyse the results
of the Ruhr Crisis Worth 8 marks
Slide 11
Advice on answering the questions Write in complete sentences
Use the mark allocation for each question to determine how long you
spend on each question. Rough guide 10 min on question 1 15 min one
each of questions 2 & 3 20 min for questions 4
Slide 12
Judge each source on its merits or weaknesses; avoid
generalizations e.g. Source A is a secondary source and so it is
unreliable because the author will not know how exactly what
happened. Also because it is bias does not mean it is of no use to
an historian e.g. A poster produced by German nationalists about
the Versailles Treaty might not provide the historian with
objective information about the terms of the treaty but it might
tell us something very useful about the sort of image of the treaty
that German nationalists wanted to project to the world.
Slide 13
Question 1 you need to remember to use just the source not your
own knowledge. Examiners are testing your understanding of the
source. Keep direct quotations from the passage brief and avoid
quoting back whole chunks of the passage. If you need to make
longer references to the text, paraphrase. In general based on the
marking scheme you receive 1 mark for each valid point made; ensure
that your explanation is clear and reasonably full
Slide 14
Question 2 Is a comparison do not forget to indicate both
points of similarity and points of differences between the
sources.
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Question 3 Keep focused on the sources origins who produced
them, when were they produced purpose why and for whom were they
produced Ensure that you identify both the sources values and
limitations otherwise you will be unable to score more than half
marks for your answer. Value what the sources are useful for,
linked to their origins and purpose Limitation what aspects of the
issue referred to in the question the sources do not tell us about,
and, the extent to which the sources may not be reliable or
accurate, linked to their origins and purpose.
Slide 16
Question 4 Examiners will expect you to produce a short essay.
Be sure to use both your knowledge and the sources otherwise you
can only receive marks. For the sake of time you may find it more
effective to integrate the sources and your own knowledge, rather
than running through what the sources have to contribute and then
using your own knowledge.
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1918 - 1936 Peacemaking, Peacekeeping International
Relations
Slide 18
T HE A IM OF THE P ARTICIPATING P EACEMAKERS
Slide 19
W ARTIME A GREEMENTS Britain and France agreed that Italy
should receive South Tyrol This area included a large number of
German-speaking citizens Treaty of London 1915 Tyrol (or Tirol) is
a state in the western part of Austria
Slide 20
British High Commissioner in Cairo Promises British support for
Arab independence if the Arabs rose up against Turkish rule. The
McMahon Declaration 1915 Saudi Arabia
Slide 21
Britain and France reach an understanding about the Middle
East. They define their spheres of influence following the end of
the war. Britain would dominate Mesopotamia France would control
Syria. Palestine would come under an international administration
The Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 Aims
Slide 22
Arthur Belford (foreign secretary) supported the establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. Belfour
Declaration1917
http://www.bradfordstopwar.org.uk/olderstuff/gaza/factsheet.html
Slide 23
T HE A IMS OF THE B IG F OUR
Slide 24
BIG FOUR 24 David Lloyd George of Britain Vittorio Orlando of
Italy Georges Clemenceau of France Woodrow Wilson of the United
States
Slide 25
25 What were the objectives of the French and British
governments at the Treaty of Versailles? National Security /
Disarmament Remove the threat from German military power Demand the
return of Alsace-Lorraine Demanded annexation of the Rhineland
region but accepted it be neutralized creating a demilitarized zone
Germany prohibited from placing troops within 50km of the east bank
of the Rhine River Allied forces would occupy the west bank for 50
years Immediate military assistance from Britain and the United
States Reduction in the size of the army to 100 000 men French
Objectives
Slide 26
F INANCIAL R EPARATIONS Financial compensation for the losses
incurred from the war Northern France destroyed in German
occupation Reconstruction of mines, railways, farmland that was
destroyed by the Germans and the rigors of war France awarded coal
rights to Germanys Saar Valley until 1935 Demand for full
reparations of war damages by Germany 52% of the $30+ billion
dollar bill for the war 30-year limit of the repayment 26
Slide 27
B RITISH O BJECTIVES Security of sea-lanes to its colonies
Reduce the German navy to 6 warships, no submarines Redistribution
of German colonies to the Allies Return all territory it had
occupied during the war. Self-government for the nations of the
Austro-Hungarian empire and the non- Turkish people of the Ottoman
Empire. 27
Slide 28
B RITISH / F RENCH R EACTION Woodrow Wilson 14 points
Idealistic Base on assessment of his reasons why war had broken
out. War should be to make the world safe for democracy Uncertain
and unhappy Clemenceau sceptical about the effectiveness of the L
of N (to idealistic) only god had 10 commandments. Lloyd George
hostile to point 2 Accepted the 14 points for fear of the USA
making separate peace with Germany which Wilson threatened in Oct.
1918. USA Britain & Frances attitude to the Wilsons 14
points
Slide 29
Agreed to enter the war as an allie of GR & France on the
premises that it would receive territory in the Ottoman Empire and
share in Germany's colonies Dodecanese Islands, Trentino, South
Tyrol, Istria Against the guidelines of Wilsons 14 points
ITALY
Slide 30
Slide 31
T ERMS OF THE P ARIS P EACE T REATIES 1919-1920 The treaty of
Versailles was an attempt to establish a framework for settling the
war and restoring European peace.
Slide 32
H OW DID THE B IG T HREE DISAGREE OVER G ERMANY S TREATMENT ?
USA Wilson emphasis on the need to balance punishment due to
aggression with redemption and maintaining a stable Germany that
would play a part in peace time Europe. G.B. & France
determined to see Germany permanently weakened. George pressed for
a tough line of particular issues ie. Reparations, but he did see a
need for moderation. Wilson recognised that Poland needed access to
the Baltic and so agreed that West Prussia and Posen should be
awarded to Poland and the Port of Danzig should become a free city.
Contravening his principle of national self-determination
Slide 33
A NGLO -A MERICAN G UARANTEE FOR F RANCE France willing to make
concessions (Rhineland) USA & G.B. Agree to protect to
guarantee military supporting if Germany was to attack Never
ratified by the USA, thus G.B. would not give French the support
they expected.
Slide 34
T HE T REATY OF V ERSAILLES WITH G ERMANY J UNE 1919 Diktat
treaty un-fair dictated peace Location and manners were staged to
humiliate Germany 1871 German unification Hall of Mirrors. German
representatives brought before the allies like prisoners in a
dock.
Slide 35
T HE T ERMS Territory lost: Lost 13% of her European Territory
Lost of territory meant loss of resources > 10% loss of
industrial capacity Lost 48% of iron ore capacity Alsace-Loraine to
France West Prussia and Posen to Poland North Schleswig to Denmark
Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium Danzig was designated an international
city, with Poland give the right to use its port facilities The
Saar was placed un L of N control for 15 yrs. French to control the
coalmines for 15 yrs. Plebiscite was to be held in 15 yrs. To
determine its final sovereignty Upper Silesia war partitioned with
the poles who got 2/3 of the mines. Lost colonies: Africa, China
and the Pacific handed over to the victors as Mandates. Namibia
under control of South Africa Tanganyika controlled by Britain
Togoland & Cameroons controlled by Britain and France Rwanda
controlled by Belgium
Slide 36
Article 231 War Guilt & Reparations Accepting
responsibility for the damage Germany had done to the countries she
attacked French and British In debt to USA > insisting repayment
Germany to pay the sum of 132 billion gold marks Paid in regular
instalments gold, coal, pig iron telegraph poles Military
restrictions Army limited to 100,000 volunteers General staff
abolished No air force 6 battleships No submarines, tanks or heavy
artillery Surrender of entire battle fleet of warships Permanent
demilitarization of the Rhine land (50km), occupation by allied
forces for 15 years. Impact Political: Bread lasting resentment
Newly created states were politically and economically unstable
Unable to be deterrent to Germany Large groups of German minorities
were spread though the new states Territorial: Can be argued that
territorial boundary decisions continue to remain a source of
contention and conflict. E.g. Balkans It partitioned central Europe
in a group of small unstable political units promoted
ultra-nationalism held minorities within its borders which helped
to promote instability.
Slide 37
T HE L EAGUE O F N ATIONS Was a compromise between the
proposals of Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau.
Slide 38
T HE T REATY OF S T. G ERMAIN : W ITH A USTRIA (S EPT. 1919)
Austro-Hungarian Empire had already split up St. Germain recognizes
this Austria argues its treated as a new state rather than a
successor to the old Austro-Hungarian Empire. Subject to the same
range of punishments handed out to Germany Except war guild
reparations Limits to its armed forces 30,000
Slide 39
Bohemia and Moravia went to Czechoslovakia Damatia and
Bosnia-Herzegovina went to Yugoslavia ---- cause of tension Istria,
the Trentino and South Tyrol went to Italy Galicia went to Poland
Bukovina went to Romania Population reduced from 22 to 6.5 million
Lost most of its former industrial areas 1/3 German-speaking
population now belong to successor states other than Austria.
Slide 40
T HE T REATY OF N EUILLY WITH B ULGARIA (N OV. 1919) Required
to pay reparations Armed forces limited to 20,000 men Western
Thrace goes to Greece Northern Macedonia went to Yugoslavia
Dobrudja went to Romania
Slide 41
T HE T REATY OF T RIANON WITH H UNGARY (J UNE 1920) Hungary was
treated as the successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Obligated
to accept reparations Limited armed forces 35000 men Loss of
territory to new successor states Slovakia and Ruthenia went to
Czechoslovakia Croatia and Slovenia went to Yugoslavia Transylvania
went to Romania Burgenland went to Austria Population was reduced
from 21 mill. To 7.5 mill Hungarians were now apart of neighbouring
countries Majority of raw materials lay in territories ceded to its
neighbours. 1920-30s Foreign policy focused on desire to revise the
treaty & re-unite Hungarians Czech., Yugo. & Rom Create the
Little Entente 1920-21 feared Hungary Isolationism forced Hungary
to signed a friendship treaty with Mussolini 1927
Slide 42
T REATY OF S EVRES : W ITH T URKEY (1919) Dardanelles placed
under an international commission & permanently open to all
countries ships, Lost all rights to the Sudan and Libya Had to
recognise French Morocco and Tunis, British Egypt and Cyprus Saudi
Arabia became independent Syria, Mesopotamian (Iraq) &
Palestine became L of N mandates administered by France &
Britain Greece received some Turkish Aegean islands Kurdistan
became autonomous Armenia became independent
Slide 43
T REATY OF L AUSANNE (1923) Sevres altered Nationalist revolt
and war against Greece led by Mustapha Kemal
Slide 44
Paris Peace settlement was an uneasy compromise between the Big
Three. Crucial issues Wilsons failure to ratify the T of V and no
military guarantee for France. Geopolitical impact on Germany
Weimar Republic tarnished by association with the T of V Created a
strong nationalist movement in Germany Felt they could have fought
on. Stabbed in the back by cowardly democratic politicians
Slide 45
Historians are divided over the T of V Germany needed to
remember that it could have fared worse. If Clemenceau had it his
way. Britain & USA tempered France Rhineland independent state
Saarland annexed to France Danzig integral part of Poland Germany
imposed much harsher peace terms on Russia in 1918 Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk Russia ordered to give up vast territories to
Germany.
Slide 46
If you see your enemy in the water up to his neck, you will do
well to push him under, but if he is only in it up to his knees,
you will do well to help him to the shore. Political writer
Machiavelli
Slide 47
Treaty Of Versailles Constituted a dangerous halfway house
between generous (help him to shore) and harsh (pushing him under)
treatment. Created resentment 1920s committed to recovering land in
the east. Gustav Stresemann (foreign minister) willing to
recognized German western borders (Locarno Pact 1925) see handout
British perusal of a policy of appeasement could be partly due to a
feeling the T of V was to harsh
Slide 48
Economic impact on Germany Destabilized the German
economy---struggling at the end of the war Reparation did not allow
Germany to focus on rebuilding its economy as quickly as it could
have Germany couldnt pay Fell behind in payments Lead to loss of
public support for the Weimer Republic Lead to hyper inflation 1923
Raising taxes is a solution rather than printing money
Slide 49
German Colonies 49
Slide 50
Economic impact Dislocation of an integrated economic unit
Limited economic resources Weakened each state
Slide 51
Geopolitical impact on Central & Eastern Europe Territories
held under German control (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) become
independent countries Austrian-Hungary / Turkish empires dismantled
Destroyed the old balance of power that existed Creation of
successor states unable to stand up to the aggression of up-coming
leaders in Russia and Germany
Slide 52
Border disputes and issues of ethnic tensions minorities were
created Czechoslovakia comprised of 6 separate racial groups
included were 3 million Germans. Turkey had regained territory lost
in the treaty of Sevres this demonstrated that Britain & France
were unwilling to defend the Paris Peace settlements. Italy after
war --- angry that territory that was promised to them at the end
of the war went to Yugoslavia
Slide 53
Treaty of Rapallo Germany and USSR are outcasts Trade and
financial cooperation Germany able to test military Cooperate
against Poland
Slide 54
The Establishment and the impact of the mandate system The
process by which the L.G. administered the colonies of the defeated
central powers after WW1 Idea was to help them to become
self-sufficient and politically independent. G.B. & France
received the bulk of the Ottoman Empire G.B. & Japan
administering the Pacific Empire of Germany G.B., France, South
Africa received mandates over Germanys African processions
Slide 55
Types of Mandates Class A - close to self-governance (immediate
independence) Class B - considerable support required in political
and social issues (eventual independence) Class C lacking any
necessary sense of developed & annexed by the mandate state.
(perpetual colonial status)
Slide 56
W HAT WERE THE PROBLEMS OF E NFORCEMENT OF THE PROVISIONS OF
THE TREATIES ? Germany resentment Failure of the USA to join USA
retreated into isolationism USSR remained isolated Italy angered
over results after the war Japan not interested in European
affairs
Slide 57
W HY WAS GB RELUCTANT TO DEFEND THE P ARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT ?
Focused on maintaining their colonial empire Independence movements
Financial indebtedness Financial and military strength were in weak
British public and politicians reluctant
Slide 58
W HAT WAS F RANCE S S TANCE ? Failure to secure a military
alliance with USA an GB Ruhr occupation was an embarrassment
Germany failed to comply Consider a collaborative approach Locarno
honeymoon (common boundaries & an invite into the L of G) Still
anxious built the Maginot Line
Slide 59
59 Meuse river in the Ardennes
Slide 60
60
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61
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62
Slide 63
63
Slide 64
64
Slide 65
TREATYCOUNTRIESINTENT (TERMS)RESULT Washington Treaties USA GB
Japan Italy France Promote security & peace Froze the number of
capital ships nations could build for 10 years Discontent by they
those not receiving equitable limits Maintain American superiority
5 USA /GB - 3 Japan - 1.75 Italy & France Discontent over
equitable limits Treaty of Rapallo 1922 Germany Russian Diplomatic
& economic cooperation German economic support Access to
Russian for military maneuvers Violation of the treaty of
Versailles Ends isolation of Germany Locarno Pact 1925
International cooperation Germany France Belgium British Italian
Czech Poland Mutual defence pacts against German aggression
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany
Agreed to change the eastern boundaries of Germany (arbitration)
Germany allowed into the League of Nations 1926 Demilitarize the
Rhineland 1930 Repudiated the Pact 1936 & sent troops in the
Rhineland Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Pact of Paris Peace Building 15
countries 62 total USA, France G.B, Italy France Renounce war as a
national policy USA right to defense no obligation to participate
in stopping nations that broke the treaty. Illusion of security, no
plan to deal with aggression Japan Manchuria 1931 Italy Abyssinia
1935 Germany Poland Legal basis for Crimes against peace Nuremburg
trials
Slide 66
TreatyCountriesIntent Four Power Pact USA, Britain, Japan,
France A treaty of mutual consultation among its members in the
event of territorial disputes in the Far East The Little Entente
Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia, Romania A treaty to resist territorial
expansion by the former members of the Austro- Hungarian
Empire
Slide 67
US I SOLATIONISM THE RETREAT FROM THE A NGLO -A MERICAN G
UARANTEE USA refused to honour Wilsons pledge of military guarantee
for France Refuse to sign the T of V Not committed to act as the
world police Article 10 promise to defend others boarders and
independence in conscience not in law. Wilson would not accept
modifications
Slide 68
D ISARMAMENT Washington Conference 1921-22 Prevented an naval
arms race End of British naval domination USSR not invited London
Naval Conferences 1930 35-36 Extension of W.C. London Naval
Conferences 1935-36 Japan wants parity walks out Geneva Disarmament
Conference 1932-34 Germany wants parity with France France smaller
population German industrial capacity Cast-iron guarantees over
inspection and verification Hitler withdraws France's refusal of
parity. Gave Hitler what he had been hoping for felt free to rearm
openly 1933 withdrew from the L of V
Slide 69
What were the leagues aims? Promote international co-operation
To end war by promoting disarmament How as the League structure?
Council Met 3-4 time a year 5 original permanent members France,
Britain Italy, Japan USA USA never joined Italy & Japan
withdrew Germany & USSR came and went Assembly Met once a year
42 countries grew to 55 by 1924 Decisions One vote Departments
International court of Justice International labour organization
Abolish social and economic injustice was successful in this
area.
Slide 70
The Principle of collective security League members to respect
and preserve as against external aggression Arbitration
International court of Justice Diplomatic pressure Suspension of
trade Armed force to prevent a war
Slide 71
Problems No way to compel a nation to submit to any method. Not
required to accept any decision reached Economic sanctions tried
once (Italy) No army and no police force No mechanism for raising
peacekeeping force Absents of great powers Weakness is Leagues
structure Meeting were infrequent Unanimous vote required in both
the assembly and the council
Slide 72
Early attempts at peacekeeping (1920 1925)
Slide 73
EARLY SUCCESSES Aaland Islands 1920-21 They had traditionally
belonged to Finland but most of the islanders wanted to be governed
by Sweden. given to Finland Mosul (kurdistan)1923-24 Dispute
between Turkey and Iraq. Turkey accepted that it should remain part
of Iraq. Greek-Bulgarian Clash 1925 Helped avert a Balkan war
between Greece and Bulgarian Fined Greece for a border attach on
Bulgarian successful plebiscites social successes simply informing
the world at large that these problems did exist and that they
should be tackled improve the status of women child slave
labour,drug addiction and drug smuggling dig fresh water wells, the
Health Organisation started a campaign to wipe out leprosy. This
idea - of wiping out from the world a disease - was taken up by the
United Nations with its smallpox campaign.
Slide 74
EARLY FAILURES Poland's seizure of Vilna (1920) Fighting
between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna (Lithuanias capital)
Russo-Polish War (1920-21) Attempt by Russia to export its civil
war Poland was a bridge to western Europe Conflict was subdued for
20 years, no successful culmination Greek-Turkish War (1920-230
Turkey went to war with Greece over the treaty of Sevres. Unable to
bring about a settlement --- revised the settlement at Lausanne
1923 The Corfu incident (1923) Italy occupied Corfu general
murdered by Greek bandits Greeks appeal to league Italy required to
leave, Greeks paid indemnity
Slide 75
Characterized by defaulting payments by the Germans,
international discussions regarding reparations and French
intervention. Ruhr produced 80% of Germanys steel & 70 % of its
coal. French troops enter the Ruhr 1923 Germany engage in passive
resistance Germany suffers from the burden of reparations and
international isolation France suffers from international isolation
and economy is threatened by burdens of Ruhr occupation Dawes Plan
1924 Accepted by all Germany receive an initial loan of 200 million
from USA and other foreign countries Didnt alter the total
reparations to be paid buy rescheduled them 1 billion gold marks in
the first year, increasing to 2.5 from the 5 th year on. German
taxes and bonds earmarked to pay for reparations if Germany failed
to follow through French to evacuate the Ruhr within a year
Slide 76
Slide 77
L OCARNO AND THE L OCARNO S PRING (1925) INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION Following the Ruhr Crises and Dawes plan Gustav
Stresemann (Foreign. Min.) proposes a security pact with Britain
and France. Saw a pact as a way to obtain revisions to the T of V
--- Polish boarders, Rhineland Terms Guaranteed the common
boundaries of Belgium, France and Germany Agreed to change the
eastern boundaries of Germany (arbitration) Results Confirmed the T
of V Germany treaty as an equal again rather than a criminal
International co-operation evacuation of part of the Rhineland USSR
/ German agreement to remain neutral in the event of an attack by a
3 rd party http://nigelgraves.co.uk/history/intrel.htm
Slide 78
A DDITIONAL I NTERNATIONAL A GREEMENTS T HAT S UPPORTED T HE S
PIRIT OF L OCARNO Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 (Pact of Paris) Peace
Building USA, France, G.B, Italy,France Intent Renounce war as a
national policy USA right to defense no obligation to participate
in stopping nations that broke the treaty. Result Illusion of
security, no plan to deal with aggression Japan Manchuria 1931
Italy Abyssinia 1935 Germany Poland Legal basis for Crimes against
peace Nuremburg trials
Slide 79
Young Plan (1929) Intent / Results Reduction of reparations by
11 billion gold marks To pay annually until 1988 Additional foreign
loan to Germany of $ 300 million All allied troops to be withdrawn
from the Rhineland Hitler campaigned against the plan Plan never
got off the ground ---wall street crash
Slide 80
Lausanne Conference (1932) Intent / results Suspend reparations
for 3 years Reduce reparation to a final bill of 3 billion marks
(2% of the original amt. in 1921) Hitler gains power in 33 and
reneges on payments.
Slide 81
T HE G REAT D EPRESSION AND THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND
COLLECTIVE SECURITY Protectionism Nations reacting by implementing
tariff barriers against imported goods. World trade fell by 2/3 rd
between 1929 -32 By 1938 trade was only 40% of 1929 era Impact on
Germany Fragile economy Dependent on US loans Hitlers rise to power
would result in challenges to the Paris Peace settlements and the
pacts.
Slide 82
H ITLER S F OREIGN P OLICY A IMS Nazis promised prosperity
& employment, & gave people someone to blame for their
problems politicians, communists, Jews Appealed to nationalism
promised to rebuild a strong Germany. Hitler was a superb
politician and speaker appealed to emotions rather than reason.
Told people what they wanted to hear. Masterful use of propaganda
to make their points and political violence to disrupt opponents.
Offered striking alternative to Weimar government strength versus
weakness decisiveness versus caution, order versus chaos Four chief
aims underlay Hitlers foreign policy 1. To extend Nazism into more
areas of Germany 2. He planned to defy and revise the terms and the
spirit of Versailles Reunion with the Saar (1935) Reintroduction of
conscription and rearmament (1935) Anglo German Naval convention
(1935) allowing Germany to have a navy with 35% of the size of
Brittan's Re-militarizing the Rhineland (1936) 3. He intended to
unite all German-speaking peoples of central Europe into a greater
Reich. 4. He wanted to make conquests in the east to provide
Lebensraum.
Slide 83
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON J APAN Until 1931
co-operated with the west Washington naval treaty Permanent member
in the L of N Close trading partners with the USA & Europe Wall
St. Crash created an economic crisis in Japan lead to a change in
Foreign Policy and an undermining of the political system by the
military. Dependence on exports of silk farmers blamed the
government for the drop in price by 80% Military turned their back
on co-operation with the West and China Imperialism seen as the way
out of economic difficulties Embarked on a aggression challenge,
china 1937, Indo- China 1940, Pearl Harbour 1941
Slide 84
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON I TALY No different than
anywhere else 2000 000 unemployed Wage cuts to workers Agriculture
dropped between 20-40% in the 30s Citizen see Mussolini as a weak
leader Mussolini's foreign policy becomes more aggressive Invasion
of Abyssinia seen as a way to revive support for his
government
Slide 85
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON G REAT B RITAIN Links
between the depression and appeasement Britain faced with the
prospects of a variety of challenges to its interests and to the
international order. Hitler, Italy, Japan were all becoming more
aggressive Growing unrest in Britains Empire made it difficult to
consider being drawn into any possible European or far eastern war
Rearmament was delayed because of the results of the Wall St. Crash
Reluctant to confront Germany -- could not count on support for the
USA
Slide 86
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON F RENCH Similar to Britain
Steel production was only 1/3 of what it had been Political divided
right concerned about the French communist Party & Soviet
expansion WWI memories
Slide 87
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON USA Reluctant to confront
Japanese aggression (Manchuria 1931) until 1941 oil embargo 1935
Neutrality Act Committed USA to neutrality in the event of a war
between two foreign countries
Slide 88
I MPACT OF THE G REAT D EPRESSION ON USSR Behind in terms of
industrialisation Looked to the west for collective security
against Hitler Attempted to sign pacts with France, Czechoslovakia
and Baltic states Joined the L of N in 1934 with a permanent seat
1939 signed the Nazis Soviet Pact.
Slide 89
M ANCHURIA I NCIDENT 1931-19233 Japan desire to develop a
colonial empire (imperialism) Increased demands for natural
resources Abundant natural resources in Manchuria made it a target
Deliberate breach of the Covenant of the League of Nations
Demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations and
maintaining peace and security. Toothless Reinforced the concept of
expansionism through force (Europe and Japan). Encouraged European
dictators to follow similar expansion in Africa. (Mussolini &
Abyssinia) Q2.What did the Lytton commission decide about the
Manchurian incident? In Part sympathetic to the Japanese position
Accepted they had a long standing investment that should be
protected. Named Japan as the aggressor in the overall incident
Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
Slide 90
A BYSSINIA 1933-1936 The death blow to the League of Nations
Mussolini wanted war and glory. Abyssinia would make up for the
lack of territory it received in the Treaty of Versailles. Help to
create an Italian Empire Increase political support. Reaction to
the Invasion was caution diplomacy Gave time for Mussolini to send
his army into Ethiopia League implements trade arms, rubber &
metals sanctions. Nations would not support sanctions as they were
more interested in protecting their own economy. Abyssinia secretly
given to Italy by Britain & France Hitler exploited the event
--- re-occupation of the Rhineland Why did Sanctions not prove
effective? Not introduced until 6 weeks after Mussolini began the
invasion Did not include materials needed to support invasion (oil,
iron, steel, coal) Non L of N members continued to trade Fear of
Hitler they wanted to keep the two Fascist apart