Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use
Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use Advantages and limitations in bioherbicides use
Zvonko Pacanoski
Bioherbicides
phytopathogenic microorganisms or microbial phytotoxins useful for biological weed control applied in similar ways to conventional herbicides (Goeden, 1999; Boyetchko et al., 2002; Boyetchko and Peng, 2004)
Bioherbicides serves a more important role as a complimentary component in successful integrated management strategies (Hoagland et al., 2007), and not as a replacement for chemical herbicides and other weed management tactics (Singh et al., 2006)
Advantages of bioherbicides: high degree of specificity of target weed; no effect on non-target and beneficial plants or man; absence of residue build-up in the environment; effectiveness for managing herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations
Limitations of bioherbicides: - biological constraints - environment constraints - technical constraints and - commercial limitations
Successful stories about bioherbicides
commercialized bioherbicides
200 plant pathogens candidates for development as commercial bioherbicides
Plectosporium tabacinum Galium spp.
Fusarium oxysporum (PSM 197)
S. asiatica (91.3%) S. gesneroides (81.8%) S. hermonthica (94.3%)
Sesbania exaltata Colletotrichum truncatum
Myrothecium verrucaria (IMI 361690)
Chenopodium amaranticolor
Sesbania exaltata Senna obtusifolia Datura stramonium
Trichothecene Orobanche ramosa seeds
Myrothecium verrucaria
Portulaca oleracea Portulaca portulacastrum
Euphorbia maculata Euphorbia prostrata
Phomopsis amaranthicola Amaranthus spp.
Microsphaeropsis amaranthi Phomopsis amaranthicola Amaranthus spp.
Pyricularia setariae Setaria viridis sethoxydim
Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata
Synergism between bioherbicides and chemical herbicides
Combinations of some bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides can be synergistic (Caulder and Stowell, 1988; Christy et al. 1993), resulting from lowered weed defense responses caused by the herbicides, thus making the weeds more susceptible to pathogen attack (Hoagland, 1996; 2000).
trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate Xanthomonas campestris
Synergism
Senna obtusifolia Alternaria cassiae
acifluorfen
bentazon
Colletotrichum gloesporioides Aeschynomene virginica
Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata
Desmodium tortuosum Fusarium lateritium
Synergism
Phoma proboscis
2,4-D MCPP
Convolvulus arvensis
Myrothecium verrucaria Silwet L-77 Pueraria lobata (100 and 90-100%)
Synergism MCPP
Different limitations about bioherbicides use
1. Environmental limitations Environmental factors influence formulation performance of bioherbicides as inoculum production is dependent on sporelation of the formulation.
In the application of bioherbicides, environmental conditions prevailing in the phyllosphere of plants are frequently hostile for biological control agents (KENERLEY & ANDREWS, 1990; ANDREWS, 1992).
A requirement for more than 12 h of dew period for severe infection by a pathogen, has been reported for several potential bioherbicides (BOYETTE & WALKER, 1985; WYMORE et al., 1988; MORIN et al., 1990; MAKOWSKI, 1993) and this may limit the efficacy of the bioherbicide in the field.
phyllosphere of plants
dew period
Nutrient status of the soil
Soil moisture Soil environment
physiology of target plants
Colletotrichum truncatum Sesbania exaltata (95%)
Biological limitations
It is desirable for a bioherbicide to act relatively quickly and have sufficient efficacy to control weeds. Unfortunately, many of the weed pathogens discovered may provide only partial control of only one weed species, even under ideal conditions (CHARUDATTAN, 2005).
Host specificity is related to the basic biology of the pathogen and to host variability (GABRIEL, 1991; LEONARD, 1982). Biological constraints including host variability and resistance, as well (AULD, 2003).
Prunus serotina Chondrostereum purpureum
?
Technological-commercial limitations
Several technological limitations have been identified that could prevent the widespread use of bioherbicides
Pathogenical strains, formulation method and the interaction of these two parameters significantly affect the shelf life of the formulations at room temperature (ALTMAN et al., 1990; HEBBAR et al., 1998).
The most challenging aspect of formulating bioherbicides is to overcome the dew requirement that exists for several of them.
vegetable oil emulsion water-retaining materials invert emulsion
Colletotrichum orbiculare Xanthium spinosum
spray drying process Phomopsis sp. Carthamus lanatus
liquid formulations of bioherbicides
Alternaria eichhorneae
gellan gum
polyacrylamide
alginates
The bioherbicides approach is gaining momentum
New bioherbicides will find place in irrigated lands, wastelands as well as in parasite weeds or resistant weed control
Research on synergy test of pathogens and herbicides for inclusion in IWM, developmental technology, fungal toxins, and application of biotechnology, especially genetic engineering is required
Bioherbicides will not solve all of the environmental and weed management problems associated with synthetic herbicides, nor will replace the current or future arsenal of synthetic herbicides
Their role will probably be complimentary components in successful IWM systems, and in the discovery of novel phytotoxins with new chemistries and new molecular sites of action
Continued research on these areas is important in order to fully understand interactions of microorganisms and plants (crops and weeds), and to discover new phytopathogenic microorganisms or microbial phytotoxins useful as bioherbicides
Conclusion
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