- 1. Gender and Adult Learning Social and Ethical Issues in
LearningADLT 601 Class 12 November 5, 2009
2. Agenda
- Focus on gender andadult learning:
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- Why is gender an issue in learning?
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- Doing gender gender as socially constructed
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- Six categories of feminist theories
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- Gender and epistemology: the WWK project
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- Theory to practice: using what we know about gender to
influence learning in the classroom / training setting
3. Why is gender an issue in education?
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- whose social science matters
- Alters practice in the classroom
- Either challenges or reinforces the status quo in all social
structures
4. Doing gender
- Gender is not something men and women have (a sex
characteristic), but exists in what they do
- Gender is produced is all social interactions
- Thus, there is no social context that escapes gendering
- Treats gender as a social practice that is variable and
ongoing
5. Story # 1 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 6. Liberal
Feminist Theory
- Oppression results from attitudes, customs, legal
restraints
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- Lack of access to good jobs
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- Unequal and/or inequitable pay
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- Remove discriminatory laws
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- Education/training to remove stereotypes
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- Stay within the system to make a fair society
7. Liberal Feminist Examples
- Women-in-management literature
- Sex as a discrete research variable
- Lack of opportunities resulting from:
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- Glass ceiling, sexual harassment, lack of mentoring and
networks; non-sex blind performance appraisals
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- Equal access; analyses of gender effects of organizational
rules and regulations, affirmative action, work-family life
balance; assertiveness training
8. Story # 2 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 9. Radical
Feminist Theory
- Originated with 1960s womens lib movement
- Calls for transformation of legal, political, and social
structures of patriarchy, including cultural institutions such as
the family, church, academy, and even language
- Envisions a new social order
- Believes that women can regain a sense of wholeness and
connectedness through cultural feminism: a counter-culture outside
of patriarchy
10. Radical Feminist Thought
- Consciousness-raisingallowed women to explore their experiences
in light of systematic male domination
- Emphasis on positive values of qualities identified with women:
sensitivity, emotional expressiveness, nurturance
- Womens ways of knowing are emotional, non-verbal, spiritual in
contrast to patriarchal ways of knowing that rely on reason and
logic
11. Radical Feminist Examples
- Workplace design features:
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- Participatory decision-making
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- Distributing income equitably
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- Valuing non-opportunistic relationships
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- Committing to employee growth
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- Promoting community and cooperation
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- Recognizing ability or expertise rather thanrank or
position
12. Story # 3 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 13.
Psychoanalytic Feminist Theory
- Reinterprets psychoanalytic theory (particularly,
object-relations theories) in terms of cultural influences that
influence womens gender identity
- Womens ways of knowing are different from mens because of
different psychosexual development
- Gender structures a social system of male domination
14. Psychoanalytic Feminist Thought
- Belief that the rules, norms, ethos of business reflect the
male developmental experience
- Considers consequences of womens different psychosexual
development for roles in organizations and management
- Recent research treats womens differences not as a problem, but
as advantages for corporate effectiveness
15. Story # 4 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 16.
Socialist Feminist Theories
- Emerged in 1970s as part of womens lib movements to synthesize
Marxist, radical (cultural), and psychoanalytic feminisms
- Highlights the gendered division of labor
- Addresses the intersection of gender, race, class, and
sexuality
- Especially concerned with epistemological issues not only what
is known, but how knowledge is constituted and for what
purposes
17. Socialist Feminist Thought
- The private sphere cannot be separated from the public
- Organizations, families, and societies are mutually constituted
through gender relations
- Need for transformational change in personal and social
relationships, a gender neutral wage structure, and equal
compensation for all work, including dependent care
- Considers womens social location asstandpoints
18. Story # 5 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 19.
Poststructuralist /Postmodern Feminist Theory
- Originated in contemporary French poststructuralist critiques
of knowledge and identity
- Proposes deconstruction of discourses and practices
- Epistemology is problematized by the heterogeneity of subject
positions and social identities
20. Ellen Randalls dilemma as a Poststructuralist/Postmodern
Feminist The separation between the organizational practices that
create the glass ceiling and the research practices that produce
knowledge about it disappear in postmodern concepts.The politics of
knowledge and the politics of identity constitute each other. 21.
Story # 6 What kind of feminist isEllen Randall? 22. Third World/
(Post) Colonial Feminist Theories
- Suspicious of gender as an analytical lens that can applied
across cultures and histories
- Belief that Western knowledge renders them invisible : a system
of power relations deployed by the West on the rest
- Extends postmodern deconstruction of Western texts to show how
the production of Western knowledge legitimates imperialism and
colonialism
23. Womens Ways of KnowingBelenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, &
Tarule (1986) 24. The WWK Project
- Research began in late 1970s by 4 women psychologists studying
human development
- Believed that current knowledge and truth have been shaped by
male-dominated culture
- Realized very little research had been conducted on modes of
learning, knowing, and valuing specific / common to women
- Influenced by Nancy Chodorow (1978) and Jean Baker Miller
(1976)
25. The WWK Project
- Interviewed 135 women graduates or students in formal
educational settings as well as invisible colleges (human services
agency programs)
- Sought to examine what was important about life and learning
from HER point of view
- Goal was to explore womens experience as learners and knowers
as well as review their histories for changing concepts of self and
relationships with others
- Resulted in 5,000 pages of transcripts in a 5 year project
26. Some of the interview questions
- What stands out for you in your life over the past few years?
What kinds of things have been important?
- How would you describe yourself to yourself?
- What does being a woman mean to you?
- Looking back over your whole life, can you tell me about a
really powerful learning experience that youve had, in or out of
school?
- Sometimes people talk about searching for the truth. What do
you think people mean when they say that?
27. Findings :Overwhelming use of metaphors ofvoiceandsilenceto
depict intellectual and ethical development 28. Silenced
Knowers
- Gets knowledge through concrete experience, not words
- Sees self as deaf and dumb with little ability to think
- Survives by obedience to powerful, punitiveAuthority
- Little awareness of power of language for sharing thoughts,
insights, etc.
29. Received Knowers
- Knowledge received fromAuthorities
- Sees self as capable/efficient learner; soaks up
information.
- Good listener. Remembers and reproduces knowledge.
Seeks/invents strategies for remembering.
- Intent on listening; seldom speaks up or gives opinion.
30. Subjective Knowers
- Knowledge springs from inner sources. Legitimate ideas need to
feel right. Analysis may destroy knowledge.
- Own opinions are unique, valued.Not concerned about
correspondence between ones own truth and external reality.
- Listens to inner voice for the truth that is right for
her.
- Speaks her feelings/experience, with heart. Listens, needs
others to listen without judging.
31. Procedural Knowers
- Recognizes different frameworks and realms of knowledge.
Realizes positive role of analysis for evaluating and creating
knowledge.
- Aims to see world as it really is. Suspicious of unexamined
knowledge.
32. Procedural Knowers ,continued
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- Separate: Uses logic, analysis, debate
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- Connected: Uses empathy, collaboration, careful listening
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- Separate: Aims for accuracy, precision; modulates voice to fit
standards of logic or discipline
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- Connected: Aims for dialogue where self and other are clearly
and accurately understood, even where different
33. Constructed Knowers
- Integrates strengths of previous positions. Systems of thought
can be examined, shaped, and shared.
- Sees truth through questioning and dialogue.
- Integration of separate and connected modes of knowing.
- Adept at critiquing arguments as well as empathic listening and
understanding. Speaks / listens with confidence, balance, and
care.
34. How can we use what we know about gender and concepts of
womens voice to create better learning environments? 35. Rosemary
Caffarella reviewed 25 years of literature on adult development of
women and found three themes related to how women learn:
- Centrality of Relationships
- Diverse patterns of development
- Importance of identity and intimacy
36. What women have taught us about teaching:
- Use collaborative interaction as one of the fundamental ways to
plan and organize learning experiences.
- Foster a climate for learning where learners and instructors
support each other in the learning process, both in and out of
formal learning situations.
- Use a cooperative communication style.
- Recognize that feelings are a critical part of fostering
relationships in learning experiences.
37. What women have taught us about teaching:
- Let go of the myth that we can predict what women want to learn
by thinking about only the ages and stages of their lives.
- Acknowledge that diverse patterns of life and continual
transitions can be powerful motivators of learning.
- Modify the way we offer learning activities so that they fit
into womens often fragmented lives.
38. What women have taught us about teaching:
- Recognize that some learners may be wrestling with identity
issues, especially in times of major changes in their work
situations or job expectations.
- Encourage learners to find, fashion, and use what has been
termed the authentic self or ones voice in the instructional
process.
- Have instructors serve as role models in helping learners share
their changing sense of selves.
39. Teaching Techniques
- Reflective journal writing
- Self-disclosure share personal situations to illustrate
content
- Peer support groups, inside and outside of the learning
experience
- Use of literature or poetry
40. How can you use what youve learned about gender to enhance
your own practice as an educator and student?