Addressing ModesAddressing Modes
A Course in MicroprosessorElectrical Engineering Department
University of Indonesia
Data Addressing ModesData Addressing Modes
• Fig.3.1 illustrates the MOV instruction and defines the direction of data flow
• Fig.3.2 shows all possible data variations of the data-addressing modes using the MOV instruction
• Register adressing: MOV CX,DX or MOV ECX,EDX
• Immediate addressing: MOV AL,22H or MOV EAX,12345678H
• Direct addressing: MOV CX,LIST
Data Addressing Modes Data Addressing Modes (cont’d)(cont’d)
• Base-plus-index adressing: MOV [BX+DI], CL or MOV [EAX+EBX],CL
• Register relative addressing: MOV AX,[BX+4] or MOV AX,ARRAY[BX]
• Base relative-plus-index addressing: MOV AX,ARRAY[BX+DI] or MOV AX,[BX+DI+4]
• Scaled-index addressing: MOV EDX,[EAX+4*EBX]
Register AddressingRegister Addressing
• It is the most common form and is the easiest to apply
• Microprocessor contains 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit registers– Never mix an 8-bit register with a 16-bit register, 16-bit
register with a 32-bit register, etc., because this results in an error when assembled
• Table 3.1 shows many variations of register move instructions
• Fig.3.3 shows the operation of the MOV BC,CX instruction
Register AddressingRegister Addressing
• Example 3.1 shows a sequence of assembled instructions that copy various data between 8-, 16-, and 32-bit registers
Immediate AddressingImmediate Addressing
• The term immediate implies that the data immediately follow the hexadecimal opcode in the memory– Immediate are constant data– The MOV immediate instruction transfers a copy of
the immediate data into a register or a memory location
• Fig.3.4 shows the source data (sometimes preceded by #) overwrite the destination data– The instruction copies the 13456H into register AX
Register AddressingRegister Addressing
• Example 3.2 shows various immeidate instructions in a short program that placess a 0000H into the 16-bit registers AX, BX, CX
Direct Data AddressingDirect Data Addressing
• There two basic forms of direct data addressing:– direct addressing, which applies to a MOV bet-
ween a memory location and AL, AX or EAX– displacement addressing, which applies to
almost any instruction in the instruction set
• Direct Addressing: MOV AL,DATA (Fig.3.5)– Table 3.3 lists the three direct addressed instruc-
tion– A MOV instruction is 3-byte long instruction
Direct Data AddressingDirect Data Addressing
• Displacement Addressing: MOV CL,DATA
– almost identical with direct addressing except that the instruction is four bytes wide
Register Indirect AddressingRegister Indirect Addressing
• It allows data to be addressed at any memory location through an offset address held in any of the following register: BP, BX, DI, and SI– MOV AX,[BX] Fig.3.6
• Data segment is used by default with register indirect addressing or any other addressing mode that uses BX, DI, or SI to address memory– If register BP addresses memory, the stack segment is
used by default
Register Indirect Addressing Register Indirect Addressing
• Sometimes, indirect addressing requires spe-cifying the size of the data with the special assembler directive BYTE PTR, WORD PTR or DWORD PTR– These indicate the size of the memory data
addressed by the memory pointer (PTR)
• Indirect addressing allows a program to refer to a tabular data located in the memory sys-tem (Fig.3.7 & Example 3.6)
Base-Plus-Index AddressingBase-Plus-Index Addressing
• It indirectly addresses memory data– In 8086 - 80286, this use a base register (BP or BX,
holds the beginning location of a memory array) and an index register (DI or SI, ) to indirectly addresses memory
– In 80386 and above, this type of addressing allows the combination of any two 32-bit extended registers except #SP
• MOV DL, [EAX+EBX]
• Figure 3.8 shows the sample instruction of locating data with this scheme
Base-Plus-Index Addressing (cont’d)Base-Plus-Index Addressing (cont’d)
• The major use of this type of addressing is to address elements in a memory array– Fig.3.9 shows the use of BX (base) and DI
(index) to access an element in an array of data)– Study Table 3.6 and Example 3.7 as well
Register Relative AddressingRegister Relative Addressing
• In its, the data in a segment of memory are addressed by adding the displacement to the contents of a base ro and index register (BP, BX, DI, or SI)– Fig.3.10 shows the operation of the MOV AX,[BX+
1000H] instruction
• The displacement can be a number added to the register within the [ ], as in MOV AL,[DI+2], or it can be a displacement substracted from the register, as in MOV AL,[SI-1]
Register Relative Addressing (cont’d)Register Relative Addressing (cont’d)
• It is possible to address array data with regis-ter relative addressing such as one does with base-plus-index addressing– See Fig.3.11 and study the example 3.8
Base Relative-Plus-Index Base Relative-Plus-Index AddressingAddressing
• This mode often addresses a two-dimension-al array of memory data
• It is the least-used addressing mode (i.e., too complex for frequent use in a program)
• Fig.3.12 shows how the instruction MOV AX, [BX+SI+100H]
• Addressing arrays with base relative-plus-index addressing
• the displacement addresses the file• the base register addresses a record• the index register addresses an element of a record
• Study Example 3.9 and Fig.3.13
Scaled-Index AddressingScaled-Index Addressing
• This type of addressing is unique to the 80386 - Pentium Pro– It uses two 32-bit registers (a base register and
an index register) to access the memory– The second register (index) is multiplied by a
scaling factor (either 1X, 2X, 4X, or 8X)– MOV AX,[EDI+2*ECX]– See Example 3.10 and Table 3.9
Data StructuresData Structures
• A data structure is used to specify how information is stored in a memory array; it can be quite useful with application that use arrays– The start of a structure is identified with the
STRUC directive and ended with the ENDS– See Example 3.11
• When data are addressed in a structure, use the structure name and the field name to se-lect a field from the structure (Example 3.12)
Program Memory AddressingProgram Memory Addressing
• Program memory-addressing modes (JMP and CALL) consist of three distinct forms: direct, relative, and indirect
• Direct Program Memory Addressing– The instruction store the address with the op-
code
Program Memory-Addressing Program Memory-Addressing ModesModes
• Program memory-addressing modes (JMP and CALL) consist of three distinct forms: direct, relative, and indirect
• Direct Program Memory Addressing– The instructions store the address with the op-
code– See Fig.3.14– It is called a far jump because it can jump to any
memory location for the next instruction
Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)
• Relative Program Memory Addressing– The term relative means “relative to the IP”– See Fig.3.15– JMP instruction is a one-byte instruction with a
one-byte or two-byte displacement that adds to the instruction pointer
– Relative JMP and CALL instructions contain either an 8-bit or a 16-bit signed displacement that allows a forward memory reference or a reverse memory reference
Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)
• Indirect Program Memory Addressing– Table 3.10 lists some acceptable indirect program
jump instructions, which can use any 16-bit register, any relative register, and any re-lative register with a displacement
– If a 16-bit register holds the address of a JMP instruction, the jump is near
– If a relative register holds the address, the jump is also considered an indirect jump
– Fig.3.16 shows a jump table that is stored begin-ning at memory location TABLE
Stack Memory-Addressing Stack Memory-Addressing ModesModes
• Stack holds data temporarily and stores return addresses for procedures– The stack memory is LIFO memory– Use PUSH instruction to place data onto stack– Use POP instruction to remove data from stack
• The stack memory is maintained by two registers: SP or ESP, and SS– Study Fig.3.17– The PUSHA and POPA either push or pop all of the
register, except the segment register, on the stack (see example 3.14)
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