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Digital re-print - March | April 2009Feature: Feathermeal
Feature title: Adding value to feathermeal
International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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Millions of tones of fishmeal
are used worldwide in all
animal feeds each year,
including aquaculture.
The proportion of the worlds fishmeal
used for aquaculture is estimated
to reach 66 percent by 2013, though
production will stagnate or even fall in
2009 (IFFO, 2008; forecasts).
If aquaculture is to grow as expected,
alternatives to the limited availability of
fishmeal for aqua feed have to be found.
Additionally, increasing prices of fishmeal
are forcing the industry to decrease the
inclusion level of fishmeal and to increase
the usage of alternative, more economical
feed ingredients.
Hydrolyzed poultry-based animal proteins
- for example hydrolyzed feathermeal - are
economically interesting protein sources used
in specific areas of aquaculture such as in sal-
monid feed. These proteins are less expensive,
palatable, free of anti-nutritional factors and
- by virtue of their
origin free from
any marine-based
diseases and are
hence considered
bioaqua-secure.
However, the
use of feathermeal
has been limited
for reasons such as
poor digestibility.
Unprocessed feath-
ers are high in crude
protein (90 percent),
but are highly indi-
gestible due to the
keratin structure, which contains high amounts
of cross linked - disulphite bondings - cystine.
In order to open the S-S bonds and to
make the crude feathers available for diges-
tive systems, feathers have to be processed.
Currently, processing in continuous hydro-
lyzer is recognised as the state-of-the-art
process resulting in a maximum of degree
of hydrolyzation or cooking.
Several factors are known to modify
digestibility of protein and amino acids.
Among the process conditions the drying
conditions in particular, seem to play a major
role in respect to digestibility and nutritional
quality of hydrolysed feathermeal.
The purpose of drying is to convert wet,
unstable materials into a dry and stable
substance. The drying is done by heating the
material to a temperature where the rate
of evaporation is considered satisfactory.
Increasing the temperature will speed up
the drying process, but can easily result in
impairing nutritional values.
Hot air
Hot air dryers have already started
to attract the interests of the fishmeal
producers; the principle of a hot air drying
by Franz-Peter Rebafka / Ashish Kulshrestha | GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebgsgesellschaft mbh & Co. KG, Germany / Thailand
14 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i
Feathermeal
Adding value to
feathermeal
is applied in the low temperature (LT)
fishmeal technology.
It is a two-step hot air drying char-
acterised by short-term retention and
moderate temperatures ensuring that
protein quality retains at high levels. In
the fishmeal manufacturing this drying
process is considered as the most criti-
cal unit operation affecting the quality
and the nutritional value of fishmeal.In contrast to the fishmeal industry
(producing LT fishmeal) indirect drying
systems such as rotary disc dryer are
still common practice in the poultry
by-product rendering operation.
The main effect due to excess of
heat application is the disruption of
the hydrogen bonds in protein struc-
tures leading to protein denaturation.
In this case denatured amino acids cannot
be recognised physiologically as amino acids
and are utilised, after deamination, as a
very expensive source for energy only, thus
leaving their fullest potential unexploited.
The LT fishmeal technology imparts
minimal denaturing effects on proteins,
thus preserving inherent digestibility and
biological value.
A comparison regarding specific quality
aspects is shown in Figure 1.
Superior to disc dryingLT fishmeal is superior to standard
fishmeal originated from a drying process
based on disc drying.
Realising the beneficial effects of a LT fish-
meal drying system, GePro Gefluegel-Protein
Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) has recently
launched a new product category of processed
poultry by-product based on the LT fishmeal
drying system.
Under the brand name GoldMehl,
a special processed hydrolyzed protein
of poultry feathers origin (GoldMehl
FM) has been developed specifically foraquaculture.
In several in-vivo trials, conducted at
the Fiskeriforskning Institute of Fisheries
and Aquaculture Research at Tromso in
Norway using minks as a model for fish,
(salmons in particular), the biological
digestible protein of GoldMehl FM has
been assessed.
In comparison with standard/regular
feathermeal (produced with a disc dryer) the
mink digestible protein and the biological uti-
lisable protein of the hydrolysed feathermeal
manufactured by LT fishmeal technology was
clearly superior (see Figure 2).
Fishmeal substituteIn addition, the Mink digestible protein of
GoldMehl FM was very similar to fishmeal
(data not presented) indicating good potential
of GoldMehl FM as a fishmeal substitute.
Differences in protein quality of processed
poultry by-products have been observed
in a number of
studies (Cho andSlinger (1979),
Cho et al (1982),
Pfeffer et al
(1995), Sugiura
et al (1998),
Hajen et al
(1993) and Dong
et al (1993).
Optimisation
of the cooking
and drying con-
ditions are con-
sidered to be
the main factors
contributing to
the high digest-
ibility values
now observed
for poultry by-
product meal
(Miller, 1996).
The nega-
tive correla-
tion between
the drying
conditions and
protein quality
could also by
demonstrated
by Cho et al.,
1982 indicating
that spray-dried
bloodmeal was almost completely digest-
ible. In contrast, plate-dried, steam-tube
dried and ring-dried bloodmeals had a
significantly lower apparent digestibility
compared to spray-dried blood product.
Heat-damage has previously been shown
to have a very significant negative impact on
- i Mch-api 09 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | 15
Feathermeal
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3/5
ments fish meal has
been gradually replaced
by GoldMehl FM at
various ratio (zero
percent GoldMehl FM
/ 30 percent fishmeal
= 0/30; 4.25 percent
GoldMehl / 25.5 fish-
meal = 4.25/25.5; 9/21;
and 15/15).Results indicate
that growth of shrimps
under the test condi-
tions was optimal at
a level of 15 percent
Goldmehl FM and 15
percent fishmeal, resulting in cost savings
in the diet formulation of almost eight
percent (see Figure 4).
These findings are in line with
studies conducted in Hawaii where
hydrolysed feathermeal was given as
fishmeal replacer to shrimps (Cheng et
al., 2002).
It was concluded that without loos-
ing growth performance hydrolysedfeathermeal could replace fishmeal.
Substitution rate for fishmeal by
feathermeal was assessed to be 33
percent without and 66 percent with
supplementing of crystalline lysine and
methionine.
A positive performance of shrimps
fed with processed poultry derivatives
as fishmeal substitute has been observed
in fresh water shrimps (Macrobrachium
Nipponese) , White Shrimps (P.vannamei)
and Black Tiger (P.monodon) cultivated in
various areas (cited in Yu, 2006 [Essential
Rendering]).
Optimal levels for shrimpIn another feeding trial the nutritional
value of GoldMehl FM as a replacer for
fishmeal has been tested in White shrimps
(Penaeus vannamei). In different treat-
digestibility of protein of bloodmeal for fish
(Cho et al., 1982).
The same pattern has been observed
by El-Haroun and Bureau (2007) measuring
the bioavailability of lysine in blood meal
produced under different drying systems
(disc-dryer, spray-drier, flash-dryer).
Feeding trialsA series of feeding trials were conduct-
ed using Asian Sea Bass juveniles (Lates
calcalifer) to evaluate the potential of
GoldMehl FM as a protein sources in the
diet. In one of these trials GoldMehl FM
has been incorporated into commercial
available feed.
As indicated in Figure 3 GoldMehl FM
showed a significant improvement of differ-
ent growth parameters (weight gain, FCR,
PER) and survival rate.
"Applying a state-of-the art drying process to theproduction of feathermeal creates an added value to
feathers. The recycling of feathers is environmental friendly
and is able to partly release pressure on marine raws"
16 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | Mch-api 09 - i
The Fats and Proteins Research Foundation and
The National Renderers Association, Alexandria,
pp. 203-223.
Pfeffer, E., Kinsinger, S., Rodehutscord, M.,
1995. Influence of the proportion of poultry
slaughter by-product and of untreated or
hydrothermally treated legume seeds in diets
for rainbow tro ut, Oncorhynchus mykiss
(Walbaum), on apparent digestibilities of their
energy and organic comp ounds. Aquacult.
Nut.1, 111-117.
Sugiura, S.H., Dong, F.M., Rathbone, C.K., Hardy,
R.W., 1998. Apparent protein digestibility and
mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for
salmonid feeds. Aquaculture 159, 177-202.
Yu,Y., 2006. Rendered products in shrimp aquaculture
feeds. In: Meeker, D.L. (ed): Essential Rendering].
National Renderers Association (ISBN: 0-9654660-
3-5).
MoreinforMation:
Franz-peter Rebafka
GePro Gefluegel-Protein
Vertriebgsgesellschaft mbh
& Co. KG
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ge-pro.de
Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S.J., 1979. Apparent digestibility
measurements in feedstuffs for rainbow trout.
In: Halver, J.E., Tiew, K. (eds): Finfish Nutrition and
Fishfeef Technology, Vol. II. Heenemann GmbH &
Co KG, Berlin, pp. 239-247.
Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J., Bayley, H.S., 1982.
Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake,
expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. B. 73, 25-41.
Dong, F.M., Hardy, R.W., Haard, N.F., Barrows,F.T., Rasco, B.A., Fairgrieve, W.T., Forster, I.P., 1993.
Chemical composition and protein digestibility
of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets.
Aquaculture 116, 149-158.
El-Haroun and Bureau (2007). Comparison of the
bioavailability of lysine in blood meals of various
origins to that of L-lysine HCL for rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 262, 402-409.
Hajen, W.E., Higgs, D.A., Beames, R.M., Dosanjh,
B.S., 1993. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by
post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) in sea water. 2. Measurement of
digestibility. Aquaculture 112, 333-348.
Miller, T., 1996. Utilizing rendered products:
Petfood. In: Franco, D.A., Sw anson, W. (Eds.), The
Original Recyclers. The Animal Protein Industry,
Conclusions
GoldMehl FM has a nutritional compo-
sition and feeding values similar to that of
fishmeal for shrimps and better than regular
feathermeal.
Although the raw material is poultry
feather, the superiority of GoldMehl FM is
attributed to its special process which is very
similar to the production conditions of high
valuable LT fishmeal. GoldMehl FM has thepotential to partly substitute fishmeal and help
to reduce formulation costs.
Applying a state-of-the art drying process
to the production of feathermeal creates
an added value to feathers. The recycling of
feathers is environmental friendly and is able
to partly release pressure on marine raws.
Further, it can be regarded as sustainable
protein production in the wake of increasing
poultry production in all the parts of the world.
References:
Cheng, Z.J, Behnke K.C, Dominy, W.G., 2002. Effect of
feather meal on growth and body composition of the
juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.
Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 12 (1): 57-68.
- i Mch-api 09 | InternatIonalAquAFeed | 17
Feathermeal
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The solution behind the solution.
Bhler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com
Its the mix that makes the dierence. Feed manuacturers desire high
durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality eed with minimum operating costs is
a must. Your needs are Buhlers frst priorit y. That is why we commit our-
selves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get
in touch with one o our specialists worldwide and we will deliver a complete
process design package, equipment, automation and customer service. You and
Buhler the perect mix.
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Its the mix that makes the dierence. Feed manuacturers desire high
durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality eed with minimum operating costs is
a must. Your needs are Buhlers frst priority. That is why we commit our-
selves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get
in touch with one o our specialists wor ldwide and we will deliver a complete
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t ur (LT)
r i n c h r -
n ti n n
u r in t h t
h l l . In
h i r i n
m t c r i ti -
h u l i t
i h m l .
l i n u t r
c t r i n
r r r
ultr
i n.
c f
r u ti n f
in truc-
n t u r t i n .
n c i c n n t
l m i n c i
m i n t i n ,
n r n l , t hu
l un l it .
n l im r t
n r t i n ,
i t i il it n
c i fi c u l i t
1.
inr t t n r
r i n r c
c t f L T f i h -
G f lu l - r t i n
n ) h r c n tl
r f r c
t h LT f i h m l
G l hl ,
l r t in
i n ( G l h l
c i fi c l l f r
c n u c t t
f F i h r i
t Tr m i n
m l f r fi h ,
t h i l i c l
h l F h
n r r ul r
i c r r ) th
h i l i c l u ti -
f t h rm l
l t c h n l
2).
Fi h l u titutI n i ti n , th i nk i t i l r t in f
G l h l F r im il r t f i hm l
( t n t r n t ) i n ic t in t n ti l
f G l h l F f i hm l u t i tu t .
i ff r n c i n r t i n u l i t f r c
u ltr - r u ct h n r
i n nu m r f
t u i ( C h n
l in r ( 1 7 ) ,
C h t l ( 1 2 ),
f f f r t l
( 1 ) , u i u r
t l ( 1 ) ,
H j n t l
( 1 3 ) n n
t l ( 1 3 ).
t i mi t i n
f t h c k i n
n r i n c n-
i t i n r c n -
i r t
t h m i n f c t r
c n t r i u t i n t
t h hi h i t -
i i l i t l u
n r
f r u l t r -
r u ct m l
( i l l r, 1 ) .
Th n -
t i c r r l -
ti n t n
t h r i n
c n i t i n n
r t i n u l it
c u l l
m n t r t
C h t l . ,
1 2 i n i c ti n
t h t r - r i
l m l l m t c m l t l i t-
i l . I n c n tr t , l t - r i , t m -t u
ri n ri n- ri l m l h
i n i fi c n tl l r r n t i t i i l it
c m r t r - ri l r u ct.
H t - m h r i u l n h n
t h r i n if ic n t n t i i m c t n
ch-pi09| In ter n t In l uF e e | 15
1/03/009 10:0
TheFatsand ProteinsResearchFoundation and
T he at ionalR e nde re rs ssoc i ati on , l e x andria ,
pp.203-223.
P fe ffe r, E . , K i n si n ger, S . , R ode hutscord , . ,
1995.Influence of the proportion of poultry
slaughter by-product and of untreated or
hydrothermally treated legume seeds in diets
for ra i nbow t rou t , n corh ynchu s myki ss
( a l baum), on appare n t d i ge sti b i l i t ie s of the i r
e ne rgy and organ i c compounds. quacu lt .
ut.1,111-117.
S ugi ura , S .H ., ong, F. . , R athbone ,C . K. ,Hardy ,
R. .,1998. pparent proteindigestibility and
mineralavailabilitiesin variousfeed ingredientsfor
salmonid feeds. quaculture159,177-202.
Yu,Y.,2006.Renderedproductsinshrimpaquaculture
feeds.In: eeker,.L.(ed):EssentialRendering].
ationalRenderersssociation(ISB :0-965660-
3-5).
r e i f r t i :
Franz-peter ebafka
GeroGef l u egel -rot ei n
ertriebgsgesellschaftmbh
&Co.KG
Email:franz-peter.rebafka ge-pro.de
ebsite:www.ge-pro.de
Cho,C.Y.,Slinger,S.J.,1979. pparent digestibility
measurementsinf eedstuffsfor rainbowtrout.
In:Halver,J.E.,Tiew,K.(eds): Finfish utritionand
FishfeefTechnology,Vol.II.HeenemannGmbH &
Co KG,Berlin,pp.239-2 7.
Cho,C.Y.,Slinger,S.J.,Bayley,H.S.,1982.
Bioenergeticsof salmonid fishes:Energy intake,
expenditureand productivity.Comp.Biochem.
Physiol . B . 73 , 25 -1 .
ong, F. . ,Hardy , R . . ,Haard , . F . , Barrows,
F.T.,Rasco,B. .,Fairgrieve, .T.,Forster,I.P.,1993.
Chemicalcompositionand proteindigestibility
ofpoultry by-product mealsforsalmonid diets.
quaculture116,1 9-158.
El-HarounandBureau(2007).Comparisonof the
bioavailabilityoflysineinblood mealsofvarious
originstothat ofL-lysineHCLfor rainbowtrout
( n corhynchu smyki ss) . quacu l ture 262 , 02 -09 .
Haj e n, . E . ,H i ggs, . . , Be ame s, R . . , osan j h,
B.S.,1993. igestibility ofvarious feedstuffsby
post-juvenilechinook salmon( ncorhynchus
tshawytscha)ins ea water.2. easurement of
digestibility. quaculture112,333-3 8.
iller,T.,1996.Utilizing rendered products:
Pe t food . In : Franco, . . , S wan son , . (Eds. ), T he
riginalRecyclers.The nimalProteinIndustry,
C n clu i nG l h l F h n ut ri ti n l c m -
i ti n n f i n l u i mi l rt t h t f
f i hm l f r h ri m n t t r th n r u l r
f t h r m l .
l th u h t h r m t r i l i u lt r
f t h r, th u r i ri t f G l h l F i
t tr i ut t i t c i l r c h ic h i r
i mi l r t t h r u ct i n c n i ti n f h i h
l u l L T fi h m l. G l h l F h t h
t n t i l t r t l u t i tu t fi h m l n h l
t r u c f r mu l ti n c t .
l i n t t - f - th r t r i n r c
t th r u ct i n f f t h rm l c r t
n l u t f t h r . Th r c cl in f
f t h r i n ir n m n t l fr i n l n i l
t r t l r l r u r nm ri n r .
F ur th r, it c n r r u t in l
r t i n r u ct i n i n t h k f i n cr i n
u l tr r uct i n i n l l th r t f th r l .
f r n c :
Cheng,.J,BehnkeK.C, ominy, .G.,2002.Effectof
feathermealongrowthandbody compositionofthe
juvenilePacificwhiteshrimp,Litopenaeusvannamei.
Journalof ppliedquaculture.12(1):57-68.
16| Inter n t In l uFe e | ch-pi09 ch-pi09| Inter n t In l uFee | 17
IAF090 .indd 17 1 /03/ 009 10:0
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