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Page 1: Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2

Activity #8:

Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves,

& Sensory Organs

Chapters 16 & 19 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.

Objectives:

• Identify structures in the gross anatomy of the spinal cord on both models and cadavers or wet specimens.

• Identify structures in the cross section of the spinal cord on classroom models.

• Identify the nerve plexuses and specific nerves from each.

• Identify structures from the human eye on models.

• Dissect a cow eye and identify the structures listed.

• Identify structures of the ear on classroom models.

• Histology: Observe and identify structures in a histology slide of the cochlea.

1Compilation: Lisa Radmall

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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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• Cervical enlargement

• Thoracic region

• Lumbar enlargement

• Conus medullaris

• Cauda equina

• Filum terminale

• Spinal Nerves

• Cervical (C1-C8)

• Thoracic (T1-T12)

• Lumbar (L1-L5)

• Sacral (S1-S5)

• Coccygeal (Co1)

• Denticulate Ligaments

Fig. 16.1

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Spinal Cord: Cross Section

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Spinal Cord: Cross Section

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Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces

5Fig. 16.2a

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Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces

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Subdural space

Arachnoid mater

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Spinal Nerves: Plexuses

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• All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses.

• Major nerve plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spinal cord.

• Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves.

• Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form a plexus; branch to intercostal nerves.

• You will be responsible to know the listed nerves and (only) the muscles they innervate from your muscle anatomy labs.

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Spinal Nerves: Cervical Plexus

8Fig. 16.8

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Phrenic Nerve – Innervation of Diaphragm

9

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Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus

10Fig. 16.9a

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Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus

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• Axillary nerve

• Median nerve (center of “M”)

• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)

• Radial nerve

• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)

• Long thoracic nerve

• Medial pectoral nerve

• Lateral pectoral nerve

Fig. 16.9c

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Brachial Plexus – Axillary Nerve

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• Axillary nerve

• Innervation

• Deltoid

• Teres minor

Table 16.4

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Brachial Plexus – Median Nerve

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• Median nerve (center of “M”)

• Innervation: Anterior forearm muscles

• Pronator teres

• Flexor capri radialis

• Palmaris longus

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flexor pollicis longus

Table 16.4

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Brachial Plexus – Musculocutaneous Nerve

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• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)

• Innervation

• Biceps brachii (both heads)

• Brachialis

Table 16.4

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Brachial Plexus – Radial Nerve

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• Radial nerve

• Innervation: Posterior arm muscles

• Triceps brachii (3 heads)

• Innervation: Posterior forearm muscles

• Brachioradialis

• Supinator

• Extensor carpi radialis

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extensor digitorum

• Extensor pollicis longus

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Abductor pollicis longus

Table 16.4

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Brachial Plexus – Ulnar Nerve

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• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)

• Innervation

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Most hand muscles

Table 16.4

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Brachial Plexus – Long Thoracic Nerve

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• Long thoracic nerve

• Innervation

• serratus anterior

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Brachial Plexus – Pectoral Nerves

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• Medial pectoral nerve

• Innervation

• Pectoralis Major

• Pectoralis Minor

• Lateral pectoral nerve

• Innervation

• Pectoralis Major

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Spinal Nerves: Intercostal Nerves

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• Intercostal Nerves

• Branch from spinal nerves

• Do NOT form a plexus

• Innervation: intercostal muscles

Fig. 16.7

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Spinal Nerves: Lumbar Plexus

20Fig. 16.10

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Lumbar Plexus – Femoral Nerve

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• Femoral nerve

• Innervation: Anterior thigh

muscles

• Illiacus

• Psoas major

• Pectineus

• Sartorius

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

• Vastus intermedius

Table 16.5

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Lumbar Plexus – Obturator Nerve

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• Obturator nerve

• Innervation: Medial thigh muscles

• Gracilis

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Adductor magnus

• Pectineus

Table 16.5

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Spinal Nerves: Sacral Plexus

23Fig. 16.11

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Sacral Plexus – Gluteal Nerves

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• Inferior gluteal nerve

• Innervation

• Gluteus maximus

• Superior gluteal nerve

• Innervation

• Tensor fasciae latae

• Gluteus medius

• Gluteus minimus

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Sacral Plexus – Tibial Nerve

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Sciatic nerve

(branches into tibial and common fibular nerve)

• Tibial nerve

• Innervation: Posterior thigh & leg

muscles

• Biceps femoris long head

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

• Adductor magnus

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Popliteus

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Flexor hallicus longus

• Plantar surface of footTable 16.6

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Sacral Plexus – Common Fibular Nerve

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• Common fibular nerve

• Innervation: Biceps femoris (short head)

• Branches into deep and superficial fibular nerve

• Deep fibular nerve

• Innervation: Dorsal surface of foot

• Innervation: Anterior leg muscles

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Extensor hallicus longus

• Superficial fibular nerve

• Innervation: Lateral compartment

• Fibularis longus

• Fibularis brevis

Table 16.6

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Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Lateral view

Orbital

fat pad

Palpebra

(eyelid)

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Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Medial view

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Extrinsic Eye Muscles – Innervation & Movement

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The six (6) extrinsic eye muscles, innervation, and movement of the eye:

1. Inferior Oblique

• (CNIII) elevates and turns eye laterally

2. Inferior Rectus

• (CNIII) pulls eye inferiorly

3. Superior Rectus

• (CNIII) pulls eye superiorly

4. Medial Rectus

• (CNIII) pulls eye medially

5. Lateral Rectus

• (CNVI) pulls eye laterally

6. Superior Oblique

• (CNIV) depresses and turns eye laterally

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Accessory Structures of the Eye

30Fig. 19.10

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Layers of the Eye Wall

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• Conjunctiva

• Surrounds most of eye, covers sclera

• Fibrous Tunic (outermost layer)

• Anterior cornea – Transparent and avascular. Nourished by lacrimal fluid.

• Posterior sclera – “White” of eye. Gives shape and protection to eye.

• Vascular Tunic (middle layer)

• Choroid – Capillary network. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to retina.

• Ciliary body & muscles – Smooth muscle & epithelium affect tension on

suspensory ligaments, altering shape of lens.

• Iris – Color of eye. Smooth muscle, controls pupil size & diameter.

• Neural Tunic (innermost layer)

• Retina – Pigmented layer provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells in

Neural layer.

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Layers of the Eye Wall

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Structures of the Eye

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Ora serrata

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Cavities of the Eye

34Fig. 19.16

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Cow Eye: External & Internal Anatomy

35

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Sensory Organ: The Ear

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The ear is composed of three regions: the external ear, located mostly on

the outside of the head, and the middle and inner ear, which are housed

within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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Sensory Organ: The Ear

37Fig. 19.19

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Structure of the Middle Ear

38Fig. 19.20

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Structure of the Inner Ear

39Fig. 19.21

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Structure of the Cochlea and Spiral Organ

40Fig. 19.26

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Histology of Cochlea

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Sensory Organ: The Ear

42Fig. 19.19

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Auditory Transduction

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Image References

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3- studyblue.com

5-www.slccanatomy.com

6-

9- studyblue.com

17-

18-

24- https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab13-15/lab13images/lab13-step4a.jpg

27-30- http://medical-transcriptionist-reference.blogspot.com/2012/05/eye-muscles.html

https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu

33- google

43- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc

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Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Lacrimal caruncle

Nasolacrimal duct

Palpebra

(eyelid)