Download - Activity 4 - Appendicular Skeleton

Activity 4:Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 8 – Human Anatomy (4e) textbook

Objectives:• Identify the bones and bone markings from the

upper limb and pectoral girdle.• Identify the bones and bone markings from the

lower limb and pelvic girdle.

1Compilation: Kathryn Watson & Claudia GonzalesLast Revision: Mohammad Tomaraei

Appendicular Skeleton

• 2 pairs of limbs, and 2 girdles

• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton, consisting of

• Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

• Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs to axial skeleton, and is made of

• Os Coxa (hip bone) (2)

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Appendicular Skeleton

• 3-Segmented limbs• Upper limb = arm

• Arm• Forearm• Wrist & Hand

• Lower limb = leg• Thigh & Knee• Leg• Foot

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Appendicular Skeleton – Helpful Terms

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Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle

• S-shaped, long bone; connects manubrium of sternum to acromion of scapula

• Sternal end (medial):• Pyramid shaped• Articulates with clavicular notch of manubrium on sternum

• Acromial end (lateral):• Broad and flattened• Articulates with acromion of scapula

• Conoid tubercle:• Cone-shaped, round projection• Near the acromial end• Located inferiorly and posteriorly (down and back)

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Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle

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Orientation: Sternal end goes medially, conoid tubercle faces inferiorly, posteriorly

Pectoral Girdle - Scapula

• Broad, flat, triangular bone; forms the “shoulder blade”

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• Superior border

• Suprascapular notch: adjacent to superior border

• Medial (vertebral) border

• Lateral (axillary) border

• Superior angle

• Inferior angle

• Spine: posterior ridge of bone

• Acromion: posterior process continuous to spine


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• Coracoid process: smaller anterior projection

• Supraspinous fossa: depression superior to spine

• Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to spine

• Subscapular fossa: anterior surface of scapula

• Glenoid cavity (fossa): articulates with humerus

• Supraglenoid tubercle: superior to glenoid cavity

• Infraglenoid tubercle: inferior to glenoid cavity


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Orientation: Spine is located posteriorly, acromial process points laterally

Upper limb – Arm – Humerus

• Long bone; runs from the shoulder to the elbow; connects scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, radius and ulna

• Head (of humerus): medial, articulates with glenoid cavity

• Greater tubercle: more prominent

• Lesser tubercle: smaller of tubercles

• Intertubercular sulcus/groove: runs between two tubercles

• Anatomical neck: between tubercles and head

• Surgical neck: a common fracture site

• Deltoid tuberosity: attachment site for deltoid muscle (lateral)

• Coronoid fossa: articulates with coronoid process of ulna

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Upper limb – Arm – Humerus

• Olecranon fossa: articulates with olecranon process of ulna

• Radial fossa: articulates with head of radius

• Medial epicondyle

• Lateral epicondyle

• Trochlea: articulates with trochlear notch of ulna; medial

• Capitulum: articulates with head of radius; lateral

• Radial groove: radial nerve and vessels travel through it

(posterior)

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Upper Limb – Arm – Humerus

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Orientation: Head of humerus faces medially (into the body), olecranon fossa faces posteriorly

Upper Limb – Forearm – Ulna

• Longer than radius, medially located

• Olecranon (process): articulates with olecranon process of

humerus

• Styloid process (of ulna): medial

• Coronoid process (of ulna): articulates with coronoid fossa of

humerus – remember coroNoid because it’s on ulNa

• Trochlear notch: articulates with trochlea of the humerus

• Radial notch of ulna: articulates with head of radius

• Head of ulna: located distally/inferiorly, next to styloid process

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Upper Limb – Forearm – Radius

• Shorter than ulna, laterally located

• Head (of radius)

• Neck (of radius)

• Radial tuberosity: attachment site for biceps brachii muscle

• Ulnar notch: articulates with head (distal) of ulna

• Styloid process (of radius): lateral

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Upper Limb – Forearm – Radius and Ulna

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Radius orientation:Radial tuberosity faces anteriorly; styloid process of radius is positioned laterally

Ulna orientation:Trochlear notch faces anteriorly; the styloid process of ulna is positioned medially

Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand – Carpal Bones (8)

• Bones between radius and ulna, and the metacarpals; form the wrist; connect hand to forearm

• Proximal row (lateral to medial):• Scaphoid bone• Lunate bone• Triquetrum bone• Pisiform bone

• Distal row (lateral to medial):• Trapezium bone• Trapezoid bone• Capitate bone• Hamate bone

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Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand – Carpal Bones (8)

Mnemonics to remember the carpal bones:

• Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

(proximal row lateral medial, then distal row lateral medial)

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform

Trapzeium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

• So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

(proximal row lateral medial, distal row medial lateral)

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform

Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium

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Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand

• Metacarpals (1 through 5)

• Phalanges (1 through 5)

• Proximal phalanx (1 through 5)

• Middle phalanx (2 through 5)

• Distal phalanx ( 1 through 5)

• Note: all the phalanges consist of proximal, middle, and distal

phalanges, except the pollex which lacks a middle phalanx

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Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2)

• Composed of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis bones

• Acetabulum: articulates with head of femur

• Obturator foramen: obturator nerve and blood vessels pass

through this foramen

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Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2) – Ilium

• Iliac crest

• Anterior superior iliac spine

• Anterior inferior iliac spine

• Posterior superior iliac spine

• Posterior inferior iliac spine

• Greater sciatic notch: passageway to sciatic nerve

• Iliac fossa

• Auricular surface (of ilium): articulates with sacrum

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Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2) – Ischium

• Body (of ischium)

• Ischial spine

• Lesser sciatic notch

• Ramus (of ischium) or ischial ramus

• Ischial tuberosity

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Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2) – Pubis

• Body (of pubis)

• Pubic tubercle

• Pubic crest

• Superior pubic ramus

• Inferior pubic ramus

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Orientation: Pubis faces anteriorly and medially, ischium faces posteriorly and medially (or you can try to hold it next to your head like a telephone; if it fits it’s from that side!)


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Orientation: Pubis faces anteriorly and medially, ischium faces posteriorly and medially (or you can use the telephone method!)

Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur

• Longest bone of the body; connects to the hip joint and knee joint

• Head (of femur): articulates with acetabulum of os coxa

• Fovea

• Neck (of femur)

• Greater trochanter

• Lesser trochanter

• Intertrochanteric crest: connects trochanters

• Shaft (of femur)• Gluteal tuberosity: attachment site of gluteus maximus muscle

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Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur

• Linea aspera: posterior; attachment site for muscles

• Medial condyle (of femur)

• Medial epicondyle (of femur)

• Adductor tubercle: attachment site for adductor magnus muscle

• Lateral condyle (of femur)

• Lateral epicondyle (of femur)

• Intercondylar fossa: separates condyles

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Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Patella

• Also known as the kneecap

• Circular-triangular bone which articulates with femur

• Covers and protects the anterior articular surface of knee joint

• Largest sesamoid bone in the body

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Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur & Patella

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Orientation: Head of femur faces medially; intercondylar fossa is situated posteriorly

Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tibia

• Also known as the shinbone; the larger and stronger of the two long bones of leg (tibia and fibula)

• Medial condyle (of tibia)

• Lateral condyle (of tibia)

• Intercondylar eminence

• Tibial tuberosity

• Medial malleolus

• Anterior border (crest)

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Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Fibula

• Also known as the calf bone; the smaller and more slender of the two long bones of leg (tibia and fibula)

• Head (of fibula)

• Neck (of fibula)

• Lateral malleolus

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Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tibia & Fibula

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Tibia orientation: Tibial tuberosity faces anteriorly, medial malleolus medially

How to tell if it’s a left or right fibula?

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• Make sure you’re looking at a fibula!

• On its lateral aspect, and near the distal

end, find a diagonal rough line, just above

the lateral malleolus.

• Following the direction of this line upwards

tells you if it’s a left or right fibula.

• Here, our diagonal line goes to left so it’s a

left fibula.

Source: http://slipstreamborne.tumblr.com/

Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tarsal Bones (7)

• A cluster of seven articulating bones situated between the lower end of tibia and fibula, and the metatarsal bones

• Talus bone

• Calcaneus bone

• Navicular bone

• Medial cuneiform bone

• Intermediate cuneiform bone

• Lateral cuneiform bone

• Cuboid bone

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Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tarsal Bones (7)

Mnemonics to remember the tarsal bones:

• The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns

Talus – Calcaneus – Navicular – Medial cuneiform – Intermediate

Cuneiform – Lateral Cuneiform – Cuboid

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Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Metatarsal Bones & Phalanges

• Metatarsal bones (1 through 5)

• Phalanges (1 through 5)

• Proximal phalanx (1 through 5)

• Middle phalanx (2 through 5)

• Distal phalanx ( 1 through 5)

• Note: all the phalanges consist of proximal, middle, and distal

phalanges, except the hallux which lacks a middle phalanx

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Lower Limb - Foot

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