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Active Shooter Awareness
Presented by: Safety Counselling, Inc. 3207 Matthew Ave NE Albuquerque, NM 87107 505-881-1112 / 800-640-0724 www.safetycounselling.com
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Topics of Discussion• What is an Active Shooter• Types of Active Shooters• Historical examples• How to prepare • What to do when faced with• Law Enforcement response• Dispatch’s role• EMS response• Techniques to reduce an
escalating encounters and tips to avoid them
• PTSD,CISD, and the EAP
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Active Shooter Definition Active Shooter executes
a random or systematic shooting spree
The objective is mass murder rather than other criminal intent
Difficult time for many people in these tough times
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The Active Shooter’s Intent
Views the attack as attempting to correct a perceived wrong
Usually has a “hit” list and will search victims out
The Shooter often takes out targets of opportunity on the way
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An Active Shooter Expects To Die• Not concerned with
dying so has nothing to lose
• Moves throughout a building or area until either – stopped by police– commits suicide
• self• suicide by cop
– stopped by others
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Types of Active Shooters This type of WPV can impact any
industry or business Increased media coverage on a
long term problem Examples of Active Shooters
have included angry customerpatient’s family membermentally unstable individualdisgruntled employeedomestic violence spill overshooting(s) in the course of a
robbery, especially a robbery gone bad but this is not our emphasis
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Lt. Dan Marcou’s5 Phases of the Active Shooter
• Fantasy stage• Planning stage• Preparation stage• Approach stage• Implementation
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Hunters versus Howlers
• Howlers make overt threats, draw attention, frighten others intentionally
• Hunters develop a hidden plan, acquire the tools to harm others, work in stealth, and attack with little or no warning
• Organizations are often responsive to a howler and either unaware or overly-rationalizing for a hunter
• Calhoun and Weston’s theory “Howlers don’t hunt and Hunters don’t howl. When Howlers start to hunt, they are no longer Howlers.”
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Charles Whitman commits Texas Tower Massacre in 1966
Initially killed mother and Initially killed mother and wifewife
Killed 15 people / wounded Killed 15 people / wounded 31 around tower 31 around tower
Passersby armed Passersby armed themselves to intervenethemselves to intervene
Killed by 2 police officersKilled by 2 police officers Autopsy showed brain Autopsy showed brain
tumor and he knew tumor and he knew something was wrongsomething was wrong
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James Hubberty commits Calif. McDonald’s Massacre July 1984
• 41 yr. old laid off 1 week 41 yr. old laid off 1 week before murdersbefore murders
• Killed 21 & wounded 19Killed 21 & wounded 19• Multiple weapons from a 9mm Multiple weapons from a 9mm
semi-auto uzisemi-auto uzi• Killed by Sniper from SWATKilled by Sniper from SWAT• Said he had killed 1,000s in Said he had killed 1,000s in
Viet Nam but never servedViet Nam but never served
San Ysidro CaliforniaSan Ysidro CaliforniaMcDonald’s Restaurant
McDonald’s RestaurantJuly 18, 1984July 18, 1984
James HubertyJames Huberty21- persons killed
21- persons killed
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Alb. Hollywood Videos Murders
• Shane Harrison aged 28 and accomplice Esther Beckley
• Occurred March ’96• Armed robbery and
kidnapping• Killed 5, 2 after being
abducted (3 were employees)
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Larry Phillips/Emil Matasareanu Larry Phillips/Emil Matasareanu N. Hollywood Bank Robbery 2/27/97N. Hollywood Bank Robbery 2/27/97• Failed robbery that Failed robbery that
changed what law changed what law enforcement standardly enforcement standardly packs for heatpacks for heat
• Wounded 13: 9 PD & 4 Wounded 13: 9 PD & 4 bystandersbystanders
• Both suspects killed by Both suspects killed by SWAT after 44 minute SWAT after 44 minute shoot out on the streetshoot out on the street
• Shooters had body armour Shooters had body armour • Armed with AK-47sArmed with AK-47s
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Columbine High School, Littleton Co. on April 20,1999
• 2 shooters: Harris and Klebold2 shooters: Harris and Klebold • Vendetta: 2 angry teenagers killed Vendetta: 2 angry teenagers killed
as many students as possible as many students as possible after being bullied for years after being bullied for years
• Killed 13 & Wounded 21Killed 13 & Wounded 21
• Suspects committed suicideSuspects committed suicide
• Used guns, rifles, bombsUsed guns, rifles, bombs
• Changed the way law Changed the way law enforcement respondsenforcement responds
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Ronald Taylor:Wilkinsburg, Pa. 2000
• Hate Crime: All victims were white
• March 1, 2000• Ist killed carpenter
who repaired door, then onto McDonalds & then Burger King
• 3 killed, 3 wounded• Surrendered
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Cho Seung-Hui commits Virginia Cho Seung-Hui commits Virginia Tech Massacre on 4-16-2007Tech Massacre on 4-16-2007
History of mental illnessHistory of mental illnessPosted pictures before & Posted pictures before &
mailed info. to NBC duringmailed info. to NBC during 32 Dead, 23 Wounded32 Dead, 23 Wounded Weapons: Glock 19, Walther Weapons: Glock 19, Walther
P22P22 Committed suicide at sceneCommitted suicide at scene Rationale:
savior oppressed & rejected Romantic dispute? Teased about speech disorderTeased about speech disorder
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Von Maur Department Store, Dec. 2007
• Robert Hawkins - 19• Omaha, Ne. • Takes others out to
be famous at his death after being fired
• 9 killed, 5 injured• Death by suicide after
murders
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3 Murdered in City Hall Council Meeting in Kirkwood, Mo. Feb. 2008• Charles Lee "Cookie“ (52) Thornton Charles Lee "Cookie“ (52) Thornton
had disrupted/arrested at 2 other had disrupted/arrested at 2 other council meetingscouncil meetings
• Killed 6: 2 police officers, public Killed 6: 2 police officers, public works director & 2 council members, works director & 2 council members, the mayor (intended victim) died later the mayor (intended victim) died later as result of injuriesas result of injuries
• Wounded 1 reporter & shot at city Wounded 1 reporter & shot at city attorneyattorney
• Suicide by copSuicide by cop• 30 citizens were at the meeting 30 citizens were at the meeting
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Denny’s Robbery Takeover Albuquerque 6-21-2009
• Pablo Ortiz (32 top ) Marvin Lopez (22, middle) Francisco Melgar (bottom) ,
• Restaurant robbery on Sat. 6/09 @ 9:30AM breakfast-rush
• Teenage female employee was killed
• Automatic Weapons w• Intervention: 2 arrested initially
& other 2 apprehended
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Binghamton, N.Y.: American Civic Assoc. by Jiverly Wong at 10:30 AM on Aug.’09• 13 or victims killed & 4 wounded• Victims from China, Haiti,
Pakistan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iraq, Brazil, US
• Used 2 automatic pistols and wore body armor
• Shooter pinned his vehicle against back door to block escape
• Suspect shouted that he hated America
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A.S. Major Nidal Malik Hasan: Fort Hood A.S. Major Nidal Malik Hasan: Fort Hood Texas on Nov. 2009Texas on Nov. 2009
• Palistinian born 39-year-old of American military parents
• U.S. Army psychiatrist• Description by fellow workers:
“paranoid, belligerent”• Terrorist? or upset at
scheduled be deployed to Afghanistan?
• Killed 13, Wounded 30• Arrested and imprisoned
until trial in March 2012
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Amy Bishop Anderson at University of Amy Bishop Anderson at University of Alabama, Huntsville on February 2010Alabama, Huntsville on February 2010
• A.S.: Amy Bishop (Harvard trained A.S.: Amy Bishop (Harvard trained Professor was academic star)Professor was academic star)
Involved in 3 previous police Involved in 3 previous police investigations:investigations: Acquitted of brother’s murderAcquitted of brother’s murderPipe bomb Pipe bomb Shoving another customerShoving another customer
Police arrested her on the scenePolice arrested her on the scene Vendetta: Denied tenure Vendetta: Denied tenure 3 killed, 3 wounded3 killed, 3 wounded
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Police Headquarters in Municipal Bldg. April 2010
• 29-year-old Patrick Gray Sharp was only casualty. No others injured.
• McKinney, Texas• Drove truck loaded with
ammo and bomb-making materials into the parking lot, set truck on fire
• Fired off more than 100 rounds at police
• Suicide by cop
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A.S. Robert Reza: Emcore Murders in A.S. Robert Reza: Emcore Murders in Albuquerque on July 2010 at 10AMAlbuquerque on July 2010 at 10AM
Vendetta: child custody battleTold nephew device
implanted in his head by co. Shot 25 bullets reloading once 2 killed & 4 wounded Police arrived from Alb.along
with surrounding sherrifs/PDs Shooter committed suicide on
site
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University Library Violence 2010
• Gunman opens fire in library in Austin Texas, Sept. 2010
• No one injured• Shot and killed
himself onsite
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Jerad Loughner shoots Congress Jerad Loughner shoots Congress Woman Gabriel Giffords on Jan. 2011Woman Gabriel Giffords on Jan. 2011
• A.S.: Jerad Loughner • Safeway,Phoenix, Ariz. at
Town Hall Meeting • Vendetta: Gifford is Jewish
and he may have been a member of an anti-semetic group: AmRen
• 6 killed & 19 wounded• Loughner was overcome
by crowd and arrested• Bystander nearly shot one
of good samaritans who overcame him
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A.S. Cesar Dominguez-Garcia at at UNM Hospital on Feb. 2011UNM Hospital on Feb. 2011
Albuququerque, N.M. Vendetta: Girlfriend’s child was
admitted to hospital.Suspect arrived, became
angry and began striking girlfriend.
Family intervened, suspect brandished gun and
fired one round Police arrested
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Senior Center Shooting in Suisan City, California July 2011
• 55-year-old Bernardo Ararao
• Rode bike to Center, dressed in camouflage
• Showed woman at the center gun & said he was "going on assignment"
• 911 called & repeatedly ordered to drop his gun
• He refused/shot by police
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Construction Site Killing 2010
• Centreville, Alabama October 2010
• Firing over stolen copper
• Vendetta: Accusing electrician was continuing work on the site when fired employee shot and killed him
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Construction Site Killing 2011
• Miami • Two employees
showing off their weapons on a break at one worker’s truck .
• Gun accidentally went off killing other worker during exchange.
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There Are All Types of Scenarios
• Often happened in the AM • Most usually is the result
of a robbery but that is not our focus in this class
• Stay alert to surroundings and situations all the time
• Be mentally prepared for different violent scenarios– armed individuals/bombs– chemical, radiation, and biological
threats– verbal or written threats
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When You Call 911 Dispatch
• The phone may not ring right away.
• Most important piece of information
• Call back number • Dispatch does not go
to the scene.
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Information That Dispatch Gets When You Call 911
Landline Name AddressLocation address
Wireless Phone numberCell phone carrierLocation of caller
City Hall/ PBX lines
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Dispatch’s Role • Job is to preserve life
and facilitate safety• Multiple callers • Each caller is a new
witness• May disconnect you
due to call volume • Will ask you the big 6:
(Where/What/When/Who/How/Why)
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Dispatcher Will Ask: Where
Location within a location Office number, room,
building Hazards for those present
and for responders Sounds
(gun shots/explosions)ScreamsInjured Other dangers in/around
location Safest approach
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Dispatcher Will Ask: What and When
What is occurring? Are you hearing it or seeing it?
First hand knowledge Just hearing chaos
Is it just starting, in progress or over Information may save lives/minimize
causalities What you ADD is helpfulAvoid repeating
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Dispatcher Will Ask: Who, How, & Why Who is involved?
Number of suspectsStill presentKnow or recognize the AS
Describe what they look like Physical features Clothing body armor
Weapons / explosives Why is this happening?
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A.S. Status vs Victim Status
Dispatch will ask about the shooter before asking for information regarding those injured How many are
injured?Types of injuries?
Dispatch can provide steps for treatment
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Until Law Enforcement Arrives
• If you cannot speak to 911 dispatcher, just leave the line open for the dispatcher to listen in.
• They are trained to do this
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Law Enforcement Intelligence From Dispatch On The Way To Site
Suspect(s) ActionsLocationDescriptionWeapons
Victim injuries and location
Designate site representative to give officers intelligence
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Arrival of Law Enforcement• Average response time for
police to high priority calls in your area
• Safest place to stay is inside secure room
• The shooter will probably not flee when police arrive
• The shooters goal is to kill and injure, not negotiate or flee
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Law Enforcement’s Modus Operandi Most likely by a variety of officers
Identified in some way generally.
Could be officer already on site
AS response is different 5 qualified officers enter
immediately as a groupArmed with a variety of
weaponsWon’t be aiding victims
Designate a site representative
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When Victims See Police Pass Through If you are locked in a secure
room, stay therePolice will be shouting
commandsEveryone is a suspectMay force people to ground Listen and follow instructions
Do not approach, stop or speak to or hold onto officer(s)
Avoid screaming or yelling Point in direction of shooter
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When You See Police (cont.) Hands
Immediately raise handsKeep your hands visible Drop anything in your
handsDo not move injured victims Officers attempting to
apprehend the shooter will not stop to help injured victims
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Delayed Medical Entry with Active Shooter Scenes
Fire/EMS personnel will respond when dispatched
Entry by medics will be delayed until police are in control of area and shooter is disarmed
Be prepared to do trauma care until they enter
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Triage of Victims Sorting
Who is most in need & savable
Coach injured to self-helpAdminister to themHave them administer to
others when injury is minor Get assistance from
others who can helpShow helpers howBe a coach
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Protect Yourself Have a basic plan Don’t attempt to render first aid if
unsafe to do soDon’t show yourself to shooterSurvey the sceneKnow where the first aid kit,
AED and extinguishers are Blood borne pathogens
Potentially infectious materials Take universal precautionsWear PPEClean-up procedures
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Victim Treatment Minor Injuries: minimal treatment or
self help with instruction
Life threatening InjuriesMost serious injury dealt with firstExamples: severe bleeding, not
breathing, broken limbs, heart attack, seizure, asthma attack, shock
Dead or not-savable injuries
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Stop Bleeding Capillary bleeds only oozeVenous
Flows steadily Thick dressing / pressure
Arterial Squirts under pressure Thick dressing / elevate / pressure
Have helper perform once under control if there are other victims
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Tourniquet only if Bleeding To Death Controversial & only as last resort as potentially dangerous For arterial bleeding & extremities Use a belt, strap, or other 1” wide material 2” above Tighten until bleeding stops Never loosen Note time applied Save amputation
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Victim Is Not Breathing
CPR = CAB 15 Compressions
Airway: open 2 Breaths
Continue15-2 Not recommended in
multi victim scene unless multiple trained first aiders
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Broken Limbs• Splint in position
presented• Use padding• If it is the forearm
then support hand • If it is the thigh or hip
do not move them• Do not draw attention
to a mistake – correct it
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Spinal Cord Injuries
• Do not move unless life threatening situation
• Maintain alignment of head and spine when moving
• Support head and neck• Secure them to a board
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First Aid for Other Conditions Psychogenic Shock
FaintingPanic attackVomiting
Altered and difficult to controlByproduct of shockDue to anxiety
Others brought on by stress of eventHeart AttackSeizureAsthmaDiabetic Attack
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Seasoned EMT Don’ts• Don’t
– panic or put yourself in danger
– spend too much time on a non-savable victim
– attempt to plug a bullet-hole (use direct pressure)
– overly worry about infection (use what you can to stop bleeding)
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Moving A Victim
When to move victimIn the path of a shooterOther hazards
How to move victimWalk them, be a human
crutch, drag, scoot, carry them
Spinal injuries Only if safe to do so
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Plan For SurvivalPlan For Survival
Escape route plan Locations of exitsPossible pathways to
exitMeeting place
Perform drills as part of training.
Emergency lighting Fire extinguishers
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Timing in Active Shooter Situations
• Evolve quickly • Shooters are unpredictable• Law Enforcement has
historically been required to stop them
• Arrival of police and EMS on the scene is not immediate
• Be prepared mentally and physically to deal with the situation until help arrives
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What Will Require Your Attention Alerting others
Others in and around areaAuthoritiesBe able to describe perp.
The victimsProviding first aidMoving to safety
How you face the shooter(s)AssessDetermine the odds
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Try To Focus and Be Methodical Try Not To Freak Out How To Calm Down
Deep breathsHow would your hero handle it?
Staying Calm HelpsThink more clearlyVictims remain calmThe situation requires a leader
PrioritizeAllocate tasks Need more than just you?
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Communications To Get Help
• Call 911 for outside help– if you can safely do so– leave line open if
cannot talk • Alert others onsite
with: intercom, phone, page, or the code
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Not In Line of Fire: Hide vs. Escape
Be quiet and remain calm. Silence your cell phoneTake several deep breaths
and review what to do Make the decision to hide
or escape Then assess if you can
help others while hiding or escaping
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If Hiding Makes Sense Keep yourself safe
Move to secure area Lock door/barricade it Hide
• behind large furniture• in a large wall vent • in the bathroom
Turn off sources of noise Close the blinds EMS will tell you not to intervene Question someone asking for entry
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If Escape is FeasibleIf Escape is Feasible
Shooter will not stop until objectives are met or is engaged by police
Is escape best option?Where is the shooter?Multiple shooters? Can you get out
immediately undetected?Advise police of shooter
or plain clothes police
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If Escaping Evacuate area using
designated exit path – Hug the wall– Check around corners first– Whether or not others agree to
follow– Leave all your belongings– Only jump out a 1st or 2nd floor
window Help others escape Alert others you come across
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Helping Others
You are part of a team
Assist others in need Help others escape
with you Escape yourself even
if they are too afraid to try
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If You Are In The Line Of FireIf You Are In The Line Of Fire You have two choices if shooter is at close range: fight
or comply We do not know how you will or should respond How you respond will be based on:
The actual situation and what is possible, How many of you/they there are Your personality/background Victim camaraderie Feelings of moral responsibility
It is your choice but keep in mind it will take time for police to arrive, assemble, and enter
Your life is on the line
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When Your Decision is to Comply
Do what the shooter saysKeep your hands where
they can be seenNo sudden movements to
draw attention or alarm ASAvoid eye contact unless
you are being addressedBe quiet and remember
your life may depend on being calm
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Things to Consider Before Fighting Back
Chance of survival may be greater if you incapacitate the shooter but consider:
How many shooters are there? How many of you are there? How many of you will commit to an attack? What objects do you have available to
disable the person? Do any of you have military training or
experience handling firearms? Does the group have a plan? Are your odds good?
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When Your Decision is to FightNever attempt to wrestle a gun away
from someone pointing it at youThe closer you are to the shooter the
better the chances of overcoming them sChance of survival is greater when you
are behind or out of vision of shooter incapacitate the shooter improvise a weapon
throw heavy, blunt or sharp objecthit shooter with something heavy use cart to shove them down or door open jump on them stab them with letter opener, scissors, or exacto
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When Your Decision Is To Mass AttackUse the code if you know
victims or try to preplan duringOpportunity may be obvious to
incapacitate and overcome ASGo for the gun if you are not in
the line of fire Try to knock them down & then
Try to get on themGo for hands, eyes,
personals You must COMMIT 100%
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Do Not Enter A.S. Scene Viewed/Heard From A Distance
Not always completely aware of situation
Need to be absolutely sure who the shooter is
In the Gabby Gifford shooting, a guy mistook a hero for the shooter
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The “Hostage Corridor” Phase You will be detained Wait for instructions
Call 1 family member Do not talk with the media.
Able witnesses are moved Interviews Post event debriefing.
This phase will take hours Do not interrupt proceedings
unless medically necessary Drink water/eat something
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Get Help with Coworker Escalating Behavior That is Getting Worse
• Approach if comfortable/offer help
• Report it if repetitive and talking doesn’t help
• Get guidance from pros• Avoid discussing with other
coworkers, family or friends• File a police report• Call 911 for immediate threat• Don’t let escalating behavior
go unchecked
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The De-Escalation Process• Let them vent • Encourage talking & listening• Repeat back • Break problems down• Be very clear about
– what is going to happen– timelines
• Give them choices • Focus on issue/refocus when necessary • Use comfort/delay tactics as they deescalate• Follow up
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Don’ts For The De-escalation Process
• Don’t bargain with threatening individual if their behavior is not threatening.
• Don’t make false promises. • Don’t downplay seriousness
of situation • Keep it simple • Don’t take sides or agree with
distortions
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Verbal Communication to Deescalate Anger
• Speak slowly but confidently
• Keep your voice down, especially if they are raising theirs
• Communicate respect• Keep it simple• Repeat back for clarity• Do not interrupt
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Body Language That Helps Deescalate an Angry Individual
• Maintain your space• Don’t put up barriers but don’t
isolate yourself• Project calmness• Show concern and empathy• Don’t appear challenging• Keep you hands in sight • Avoid sudden movements
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Avoid Altercations
• Do not take sides• Do not get involved in
workplace altercations• Do not try to break up
arguments or fights or you may get in trouble yourself
• Notify your supervisor immediately
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Do Not Condone Bullying at Work
• As a supervisor– Review policy– Only 1 warning
• As the victim– Be assertive and
refuse to be a victim– Label it– Tell them to stop– Keep a factual journal– Report it
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Dealing With Angry Customers
• Imminent danger then push panic button or call 911
• If comfortable doing so ask them to lower their voice and listen to them vent – empathize
• Explain the process• Get them to the right person• Report issues to supervisor• Always follow up
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Ways To Cope with your Emotions Long Term Before YOU Become Violent
• Acknowledge the problem• Take time to gain
perspective• Get help
– HR/EAP– See a counselor– Talk to a spiritual advisor
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If You Feel Like You Are About to Become Violent Right Now
• Take a deep breath– Think about consequences– Imagine looking back
• Is there an expedient solution?
• Talk to your supervisor, HR, or EAP immediately
• Go to the ER
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Signs of Post Traumatic Stress Sleeplessness/nightmares Anti-social behavior
Withdrawal ParanoiaEmotional outbursts
Nervous behaviorDistractedLoss of concentrationPacing and restlessness
Loss of interest in hobbies Substance abuse
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Get Help Early On
• If you suspect If you suspect PTSD or emotional PTSD or emotional distress; notify distress; notify management.management.
• Assistance will be Assistance will be provided to help the provided to help the employee deal with employee deal with issues.issues.
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Company EAPs
• Free, confidential counseling program assists employees with anything they perceive to be a problem
• Brief solutions counseling• If you require additional services,
counselors will help you access your mental health benefits, community resources, self-help groups or other services
Employee
Assistance
Program
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When There Is a Problem The EAP Is a Good Place To Start
• Workplace issues• Feeling stressed to the
point where you might harm yourself or others
• PTSD & CISD • Drug and alcohol abuse • Anxiety & depression
• Family challenges• Conflict resolution• Grief and loss• Relationship issues• Other concerns
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How An EAP Works• For employees and immediate family in household
• Benefit may be prepaid by your company
– Your company pays set amount monthly to EAP – The company does not receive bill with employee’s name
on it• EAP services are confidential• Information may only be released with your written
permission • In a crisis or an emergency, counselors
are available by phone 24 / 7• In imminent danger always call 911 first
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Would You Be Prepared If It Happened To You?
• Have you thought about it?• Discuss it• No single definitive strategy
will ever be appropriate • This class includes possible
options but only you know how you will respond and your response will be based on many factors
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Your Employer Wants to Protect You
• Look to the future with coworker conflicts
• Be proactive with customers
• Use information in this class to protect yourself, coworkers and work environment
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Ex LA/NY Policeman’s New Book
• Tool to improve performance
• Advantages: resiliency, profitability, safety
• About power of people connected online and using electronic tools to collaborate to solve problems
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