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ACCELERATOR DESIGN OF THE NSLS-II SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCEACCELERATOR DESIGN OF THE NSLS-II SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE
W. T. Weng CENTER OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS, BNL
Forum on Low Emittance Intermediate Energy Synchrotron Light Source
August 19-20, 2004 NSRRC, Shin-Chu, Taiwan
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT
The material presented here are provided by scientists at NSLS, especially
Drs. S. Dierker C. C. Kao J. Murphy S. Kramer Zhong Zhong
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Present NSLSPresent NSLS
VUV/IR Ring800 MeV1000 mA
X-Ray Ring2.8 GeV275 mA
80OperationalBeamlines
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Diverse Science:Users by Field of Research
Diverse Science:Users by Field of Research
OtherApplied Science and Engineering
Geological and
Environ.Sciences
Life Sciences
Chemical Sciences
Material Sciences
• Largest groups are materials and life sciences
• Strongest growth in life sciences
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National & Regional ResourceNational & Regional Resource
InternationalInternational
New YorkNew York
Other Other Northeast StatesNortheast States
Non-Northeast Non-Northeast StatesStates
(32%)
Industry: IBM, ExxonMobil, Lucent, pharmaceuticals
Central to BNL programs
(27%)
(25%)
(16%)
2400 Users/year2400 Users/year (> 400 academic, industrial, government institutions)
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NSLS -- INSLS -- I
• First Dedicated Second Generation Synchrotronand only remaining second generation DOE synchrotron!
• Designed in the 1970’s • Operating Since 1982• Continually updated over the years
- Brightness has improved more than 100,000 fold• However, we are at the theoretical limit with existing ring• Restricted capabilities of present NSLS are increasingly
limiting the productivity and impact of its large user community• Major improvements require replacing ring
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10+ Year Vision:10+ Year Vision:
What science will users do in 10+ years, and what do they need ?• Soft Matter & Biomaterials Workshop – April ‘02• 8 Workshops at NSLS Users Meeting – May ‘02• Ultra-high Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy Workshop – September ‘02• Low Energy Electrodynamics in Solids Conference – October ‘02• Microbeam Diffraction Workshop – January ‘03• 6 Workshops at NSLS Users Meeting– May ‘03• Scientific Opportunities in Macromolecular Crystallography at NSLS-II – July ‘ 03• NSLS-II Environmental Science – August ‘03• Strongly Correlated Electrons: NSLS-II and the Future – August ‘03• Scientific Opportunities in Soft Matter and Biophysics at NSLS-II – Sept. ‘03• Biomedical Imaging at NSLS-II – September ‘ 03• Nanoscience and NSLS-II – October ‘03• Workshop for NSLS-II – March ‘04• CD0 Review Feedback, August ‘04
Enable Grand Challenge Science by Providing World Leading CapabilitiesEnable Grand Challenge Science by
Providing World Leading Capabilities
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MAJOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSMAJOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Science Case and User’s Needs, National & International Competition, ( to be covered by C. C. Kao )• Facility Type: FEL, ERL, SR, SR-ERL• Injector: Linac vs Booster, Top-Up• Lattice: Energy, Emittance, DBA vs TBA, SS• RF: Warm vs Cold, Frequency, Bunch Length, Voltage• Insertion: Superconducting vs PM Undulator, Photon E• Upgrade Path and Growth Potential• R&D Program, Critical Technology • Cost and Construction Schedule
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NSLS-II: Ultra-high Brightness Medium EnergyThird Generation X-Ray Ring and IR Ring
NSLS-II: Ultra-high Brightness Medium EnergyThird Generation X-Ray Ring and IR Ring
X-ray Ring• 3 GeV, 500 mA, Top-off Injection• 24 Cell, Triple Bend Achromat• Circumference 620 m• 21 Insertion Device Straight Sections (7 m)• 24 Bending Magnet Ports• Ultra-Low Emittance (x, y) 1.5, 0.008
nm(Diffraction limited in vertical at 10 keV)
• Brightness ~ 1021 p/s/0.1%bw/mm2/mrad2
• Flux ~ 1016 p/s/0.1%bw• Beam Size (x, y) 84.6, 4.3 m• Beam Divergence (x’, y’) 18.2, 1.8
rad• Pulse Length (rms) 11 psec• Exceptional intensity and position stability• Upgradeable to ERL operation in future
Infrared Ring• 800 MeV, 1000 mA, Top-off Injection
Highly Optimized X-ray Storage Ring
Dedicated Enhanced Infrared Ring
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Parameters Of Some IE/LE Synchrotron Light SourcesParameters Of Some IE/LE Synchrotron Light Sources
Name Ee(Mev)
Length(m)
Emittance(nm-rad)
Straight Sect.(No. x m)
Current(mA)
SOLEIL 2.75 354.1 3.73 12 x 7, 8 x 3.6 4 x 12
500
SLS 2.4 288 5.0 6 x 4, 3 x 73 x 11
400
DIAMOND 3.0 561.6 2.7 6 x 9.418 x 5.9
300
SSRF 3.5 432 3.0 4 x 1216 x 6.4
300
NSLS-II 3.0 620 1.5 24 x 4.0 500
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Summary of Proposed NSLS-II Lattices Summary of Proposed NSLS-II Lattices L a t t i c e T y p e D B A ( n A ) T B AC i r c u m f e r e n c e , C [ m ] 6 3 0 6 2 0 . 4S u p e r p e r i o d s , N s 2 8 2 4S t r a i g h t S e c t i o n L e n g t h , L s s [ m ] 7 7H o r i z o n t a l E m i t t a n c e , [ n m ] 2 . 1 4 ( 1 . 0 4 ) 1 . 5 4M o m e n t u m C o m p a c t i o n , 41 . 7 1 ( 0 . 7 9 ) 1 0 58 . 1 5 ( 1 4 . 5 ) 1 0 D i p o l e R a d i u s , 8 . 0 2 7 . 6 4F i e l d I n d e x , n 3 6 2 1 . 5B e t a t r o n T u n e s
x , y 3 6 . 3 7 , 1 9 . 2 7
( 3 6 . 3 7 , 1 9 . 7 7 )3 7 . 3 , 1 7 . 2 5
U n c o r r e c t e d C h r o m a t i c i t y , x y, - 9 8 . 0 5 , - 2 8 . 6 2( - 8 7 . 2 , - 2 8 . 4 )
- 1 0 8 . 8 , - 3 1 . 6( - 9 0 . 6 , - 4 5 . 8 )
I D B e t a F u n c t i o n s , yx , [ m ] 2 . 5 3 , 3 . 9 9( 2 . 7 6 , 3 . 9 7 )
4 . 6 5 , 2 . 3 7
D a m p i n g P a r t i t i o n F u n c t i o n s , J x , J e 1 . 1 6 , 1 . 8 4 5( 1 . 0 7 , 1 . 9 3 )
1 . 0 4 4 , 1 . 9 5 6
D y n a m i c A p e r t u r e [ X Y ] [ n o e r r o r s ] > [ 1 3 x 1 4 m m ] > [ 7 x 4 m m ]( > [ 1 7 x 7 m m ] )
E n e r g y L o s s i n D i p o l e s U o [ M e V / t u r n ] 0 . 8 9 3 0 . 9 3 8V r f [ M V ] 2 1 . 5 5
R F A c c e p t a n c e , R F [ % ] 3 3
B u n c h l e n g t h , l 0 [ m m , p s ] 4 , 1 3 . 3 3 . 3 , 1 1
N a t u r a l E n e r g y S p r e a d [ % ] 0 . 0 9 4 4( 0 . 0 9 2 3 )
0 . 0 9 4
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Lattice Design for NSLS-IILattice Design for NSLS-II
• Design Goals and Lattice requirements
• Choice of Linear Lattice and beam parameters design
TBA vs DBA
• Dynamic aperture and sextupole tuning
• Longitudinal parameters and RF requirements
• Impact of undulators on beam parameters
• Conclusions and future research plans
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WAYS TO LOW EMITTANCEWAYS TO LOW EMITTANCE
• Small bending, hence long circumference• TBA is better than DBA Cell• Combined function to reduce theta and increase DA• Non-zero dispersion in SS• Proper corrections to increase dynamical aperture• Additional corrections needed for for ID’s
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•Design Goals and Lattice Design•Design Goals and Lattice DesignU ser R eq u irem en ts L a ttice D esig n G oa ls > 20 U ndu la to rs ( > 2m leng th ) > 23 ID 's o f > 4m Q uad-Q uad
P ho ton B eam tun ing 1 - 15 K eV R ing ene rgy = 3 G eV fo r S C UU sing ha rm onics up to 9 > 3 G eV fo r M G U fu ll cove rage
H igh B rilliance beam U ltra lo w em ittance , B eta va lues in ID
> 2 1 2 21 0 / sec / 0 .1 % / /P ho to n s m m m rad ( ~ 1 1 .5 , 1 0n ynm pm D F L @ 12K eV )
H igh flux and b righ tness Io ~ 500m A sto red beam curren t
L ife tim e and T op-O ff in jec tion L arge dynam ic and p
p
ape rtu re s
C ost constra in ts L im its size o f ring and in jection op tions
F utu re upgrade po ten tia l E R L 's N ear isochronous tune 71 0
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Lattice Design ProcessLattice Design Process
User Requirements
Lattice Options
TBA DBA
Linear LatticeDesign
Longitudinal DynamicsImpact Undulators
Short & Long TermStability
Tolerance Errors
Non-Linear DistortionsDynamic Aperture
tracking
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• Choice of Linear Lattice• Choice of Linear LatticeLattice Emittance related to bend angle in dipoles as
2 23x q q
x
HC CFJ
where F is a figure of merit for the lattice and 2
dN
.
TBA has one ME dipole ()m and two DBA dipoles ()d per cell2 3
( )4 15
q dMETBA DBA d
x
C
J
3: 3 1.44 1.44m d d m dOnly if and L L
For the same number of cells: 5MEDBA METBA
For Ncells(DBA) ~1.7 x Ncells(TBA) : MEDBA METBA
I.E. TBA(24) ~ DBA(40)
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Initial Lattice Choice TBA(24)Initial Lattice Choice TBA(24)To meet users needs and future upgrade potential we chose a 24 period TBA.
This yields: 0.38 3METBA nmatGeV with bend ratio: 331.44m
bd
R
For simplicity set 2bR and L(ID) = 4 m Quad to Quad
S1 S2 SE SF SD 5 Sextupole Families- 3 Chrom, 2-Harm
C=523m, ChromX= -100, Emitt.= 1.5nm
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•Dynamic ApertureAperture and Sextupole Tuning•Dynamic ApertureAperture and Sextupole Tuning
5 Sextupole families 3-chromatic and 2- harmonic
J. Bengtsson (TRACY & OPA) provided an expansion of the Hamiltonian up to 1st and 2nd order in thesextupole strength (b3L)
First Order terms are:
4 - C h r o m a t i c t e r m s w i t h p > 0 : 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1h a n d h t h e n o r m a l c h r o m a t i c i t y f o r q u a d s a n d s e x t u p o l e s
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1h a n d h d r i v e s 2 Q x a n d 2 Q y r e s o n a n c e s , /d d b e a t s a n d2 n d o r d e r c h r o m a t i c i t y
5 - p u r e l y g e o m e t r i c d r i v i n g t e r m s p = 0 : 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0h a n d h d r i v e Q x r e s o n a n c e s
3 0 0 0 0h d r i v e s t h e 3 Q x r e s o n a n c e s
1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0h a n d h d r i v e s t h e Q x + 2 Q y a n d Q x - 2 Q y c o u p l i n g r e s o n a n c e s
T h e i n n e r p r o d u c t s o f t h e s e d r i v i n g t e r m s y i e l d s t h e t h r e e t u n e s h i f t s w i t h a m p l i t u d e s .
/ , / , /x x x y y yd Q d J d Q d J a n d d Q d J
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Optimize 2nd order Tune ShiftsOptimize 2nd order Tune Shifts
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Dynamic Aperture from tracking Dynamic Aperture from tracking DA > ( 11 x 11mm)
Nsigma>( 544 x 7700)
Real aperture adequate for injection
without breaking periodicity
FFT of tracked particles yields
real tune shift with amplitude
Shows higher order tune shifts
dominate > 4-5 mm (4.4um)
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Pi-Transformer 2nd Order CancellationPi-Transformer 2nd Order Cancellation2nd order geometric terms cancel if identical sextupoles are separated by ( )M s I
I.E. Pi - transformer(2 1)
2
nQ
TBA lattice tunes are Qx=1.56 /cell and Qy=0.56/cell this should give partial cancellation.
+2 sextupole=
7 sextupole
families
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Multi-cell Cancellation not HelpingMulti-cell Cancellation not Helping
7 families of sextupoles tuned
Shows better cancellation
But real tune shifts still big
And quadratic in Ax and Ay
DA not improved
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New Direction: Lattice Choice Revisited New Direction: Lattice Choice Revisited New user requirement longer undulators and injection straight
7m Quad to Quad length with space for bump in triplet
Reconsider lattice choice for TBAStorage Ring APS ESRF ELETTRA DIAMOND SOLEIL Xray SLSLattice Type DBA DBA EDBA DBA DBnA DBA TBANumber of Cells 40 32 12 24 16.00 8 12Number dipoles 80 64 24 48 32.00 16 36Max. Energy [GeV] 7 6 2 3 2.75 2.8 2.4Circumference [m] 1104 846 259.2 561 354.00 170 288.00Emittance 3 GeV[nm]
1.29 1.75 15.9 6.5 4.44** 147 7.8
Min. Emittance [nm] 0.41 0.81 15.3 1.91 6.45 51.7 3
Ratio Emittance Minimum Emitt.
3.15 2.16 1.04 3.4 2.84 2.6
Qx/cell 0.88 1.13 1.19 1.095 1.14 1.14 1.7Qy/cell 0.36 0.35 0.69 0.509 0.64 0.517 0.68H Chromaticity -65.00 -114.90 -40.4 -71 -3.21 -22.4 -65.90V Chromaticity -27.00 -32.61 -13.3 -35 -1.43 -16.5 -20.85
Phi Dip-Dip [deg] 70.5 79.3 71.2 84.9 55.84
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Reconsider DBA(28)Reconsider DBA(28)Scaling ELETTRA's achieved emittance to 28 periods
should yield 1.27nm at 3GeV
DBA Cell for APS DBA Cell for ELETTRA
2QF
QD QD
Zero Gradient Dipoles
QF QD
High Vertically Focusing Gradient Dipoles
Jx =1.45
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DBA(28) Lattice with 7m ID’sDBA(28) Lattice with 7m ID’sEnhanced DBA lattice with high gradient dipoles developed
with circumference C= 630m, mostly due to ID length
EDBA(28) Achromatic lattice EDBA(28) non-Achromatic lattice
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Sextupole Tuning yields large DASextupole Tuning yields large DA
Dynamic Aperture
increases by minimizing
sextupole driving terms
DA > (13 x 14mm)
DA is large enough
to consider injection
without breaking
28 period lattice
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Momentum aperture also largeMomentum aperture also large
Chromaticity correction yields +/- 3% with 3Qx resonance at >+3%
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Reconsidered TBA(24) LatticeReconsidered TBA(24) LatticeTBA lattice with 7m ID’s and better magnet spacing
increased C= 620m, mostly due to ID length
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Sextupole tuning harder to optimizeSextupole tuning harder to optimize
Large higher order tune shiftsmake improvement in DA
less predictable with existingexpansion of Hamiltonian
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Adding a family of sextupolesAdding a family of sextupolesAdding a 4th family of chromatic sextupoles and linear lattice
tuning for reduced horizontal chromaticityyields large improvement in DA > (17 x 7 mm)enough for injection and starting error analysis
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•Longitudinal parameters and RF •Longitudinal parameters and RF The low emittance lattices have major impact on longitudinal parameters of
the beam through the small value of the momentum compaction factor.
RF Bucket Height RF RF
1
E V
E
Bunch length 1
Momentum Compaction factor ~ 1 2
dC
C
Second stable bucket with energy separation12 1
2
E
E
When RF 12E E
E 2 E
buckets distort and energy acceptance is
asymmetric reducing lifetime
DBA(28) TBA(24)
1 4
1.7110
4
0.81510
12E
E
0.48 0.06 <- Problem for 3%
RF bucket height
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•Undulator Impact on Lattice Properties•Undulator Impact on Lattice PropertiesChanges of the beam properties were calculated using 4 dipole-2 drift model for undulators in
lattice programs Winagile and OPA
These have the appropriate rms orbit in the undulators and were compared to analytic models which ignore I4 dependence.
Parameter \ Lattice EDBA-28 EDBA-28 TBA-24 TBA-24
Undulator [ u , Kmax] 19mm , 1.85 15mm , 2.24 19mm , 1.85 15mm , 2.24
unddipole / 0.836 1.28 0.796 1.22
Energy loss Undulator(KeV) 12.46 29.48 12.46 29.48
Change in natural emittance -1.15 % -2.56 % -1.21 % -2.69 %
Change in energy spread -0.163 % 0.29 % -0.143 % 0.27 %
Vertical tune shift dQy 0.00355 0.0084 0.00218 0.00517
Vertical chromaticity change -0.0051 -0.0186 -0.0043 -0.0123
Fractional change in 1 60.6 10 61.2 10 61.1 10 62.4 10
Change damping time x [ms] -0.142 -0.316 -0.154 -0.341
y [ms] -0.187 -0.412 -0.167 -0.370
E [ms] -0.109 -0.239 -0.087 -0.193
Calculated change of lattice parameter for per 2m undulator
Tune shift may require some compensation with 20 undulators at Kmax
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•Conclusions and Future Directions•Conclusions and Future Directions
•TBA-24 preferred lattice: Lower emittance (achromatic), ERL and super-bend
upgrade potential, lower DA and smaller
•DBA-28 Larger DA and emittance, similar emittance (non-achromatic),
less upgrade potential
•Need to address small DA issues for all lattices:
COSY Infinity, PTC, etc. to address nonlinear tune shifts
Develop multi-cell cancellation for interleaved sextupole
Try octupoles to reduce higher order tune shift with amplitude
•Plan to address tolerance errors: alignment, gradient, multipoles
•R&D effort: higher gradient dipoles, longer ID’s
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Facility LayoutFacility Layout
Building Area Area [SF]First Floor Second Floor Total
Linac Vault & Klystron Gallery 12,493 6,068 18,561Utility Corridor 14,578 14,578Accelerator Tunnel 51,563 51,563Experimental Floor 111,230 111,230Office/Lab 64,173 64,173 128,346Office Block 11,055 8,945 20,000TOTAL 265,092 79,186 344,278
Linac Vault & Klystron GalleryUtility Corridor
Accelerator Tunnel
Experimental FloorOffice/Lab SpaceOffice
Block
IR Ring
60 m Long Beamlines
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SitingSiting
NSLS-IICFN
NSLS
Parking
N
S
EW
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Average X-ray BrightnessAverage X-ray Brightness
NSLS NSLS-II Gain
X25 U14 3x104
BM U14 5x106
BM BM 102
X1 U40 103
U5 U100 102-103
NSLS NSLS-II
# Und 5 21+
# BM 30 24
101 102 103 104 1051012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021 U28
W60
U100
U13
U5
VBM
X17
XBM
X29X25
X1
BM
U40
Ave
rage
Brig
htne
ss[P
hot/
(sec
-0.1
%bw
-mm
2 -mra
d2 )]
Photon Energy (eV)
U14
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Average X-ray FluxAverage X-ray Flux
NSLS NSLS-II Gain
X25 U14 20
BM U14 300
BM BM 2
X1 U40 20
U5 U100 2-3101 102 103 104 105
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016 U28
W60
U40
U13U5
VBM
X17
X25
XBM
BM X29
X1
U14
U100
Flu
x[P
hot/
(sec
-0.1
%bw
)]
Photon Energy (eV)
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NSLS-II: World Leading BrightnessNSLS-II: World Leading Brightness
Current NSLS is off this chart at lower values
102 103 1041017
1018
1019
1020
1021 NSLS-II
APS
ALS
ESRF
APS Upgrade
ALS Upgrade
DIAMOND
Brig
htn
ess
[Ph
ot/
(se
c-0
.1%
bw
-mm
2 -mra
d2 )]
Photon Energy (eV)
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NSLS-II: World Leading FluxNSLS-II: World Leading Flux
102 103 1041014
1015
1016
APS Upgrade
APSESRF
ALS
ALS Upgrade
DIAMOND
NSLS-II
Flu
x[P
ho
t/(s
ec-
0.1
%b
w)]
Photon Energy (eV)
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NSLS-II: World Leading InfraredBrightness and Flux
NSLS-II: World Leading InfraredBrightness and Flux
1 10 100 10001012
1013
1014
10000 1000 100 1000 10
Frequency (cm-1)F
lux
[Ph
ot/
(se
c-0
.1%
bw
)]
Wavelength ( m )
NSLS-II IR RING
ESRF
DIAMOND
SOLEIL
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NSLS-II Beamlines and InstrumentationNSLS-II Beamlines and Instrumentation
Tentative Insertion Device Beamline Plan
5 Macromolecular Crystallography 1 Coherent X-ray Scattering1 X-ray Micro-beam diffraction 1 Small angle x-ray scattering 1 Materials science/time-resolved 1 Inelastic x-ray scattering1 Resonant/Magnetic x-ray scattering 2 Superconducting Wiggler (6 beamlines)4 Soft x-ray undulator beamlines 4 To be determined
Optimized and Unique Endstation Instrumentation
Automation, RoboticsUltra-High PressuresUltra-High Magnetic FieldsVery Low TemperaturesAdvanced, efficient, high thoughput, large area detectors Pixel Array
Detector
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FTE –Years : 531TEC: $393M FY04TPC: $424M FY04
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Fiscal Year
PED OPERATIONSCONSTRUCTION
NSLS-II Preliminary Project ProfileNSLS-II Preliminary Project Profile
CD LLP CO
Conceptual Design
Project Engineering
& Design
Long Lead Procurement
Construction Commissioning Operations!
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NSLS-IIThe Future National Synchrotron Light Source
NSLS-IIThe Future National Synchrotron Light Source
Stay tuned for future development
Enabling “grand challenge” science
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