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CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
In an intensified drive against criminality, police visibility certainly
plays a big role in maintaining peace and order. The mere presence of a
policeman in a busy area could always deter a criminal from pulling off his
trade. That is why patrolling, even in remotest areas, has become an
essentially part of police routine to prevent lawlessness. It cannot be denied
that criminality thrives in the absence of security. However, crimes of
different types will never succeed if safety measures are put in place. But
how safe a certain place is greatly depends on how the police force works.
Like in Cebu City, police are equipped with modern stuffs that are vital
to their daily operations. This only means that maintaining peace and order
has become easier with the help of patrol cars, motorcycles, and street
cameras, among others. There is no doubt that these pieces of equipment
are giving the authorities the advantage against criminals.
With all these resources, however, it would still boil down to visibility.
The need for police presence in every street around the city is what counts
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in the heightened battle against criminality. A roving police team cannot only
deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety and security among the
people. A more visible police presence helps to reduce crime and fear of
crime.
The evidence is clear about what happens when the number of visible
police in an area goes up.
Crime and anti- social behavior go down and people feel safer. Thats why its
simply not good enough that less than 12 per cent of police are available to
the public at a time. The modern police service faces formidable demands,
with a need to reconcile global challenges, including the threats of organized
crime and terrorism, with pressing community safety issues. Communities
are affected by a combination of these factors which impact on their sense of
personal safety and reassurance. It is possible that in this global climate,
good work by a force in reassuring the public in relation to the local crime
situation can be overshadowed by extensive news coverage of a crime
problem elsewhere.
The challenge of responding to increasing and competing demands
places significant pressure on police resources. This involves a police force
listening to its community, identifying priorities and devising a policing plan
which strikes the right balance in the deployment of force resources.
The over- all legitimacy of the police depends much more on citizens
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perceptions of how the police treat them than on their perceptions of police
success in reducing crime.
The reason why the researcher conducted the current study to
determine the perceive effectiveness of visibility in Talisay Philippine
National Police by no other than the people who is in contact with them the
citizens of Talisay Camarines Norte.
Statement of the Problem
This study focused on the Perceive effectiveness of Police Visibility in
Talisay Philippine National Police.
1.) What is the profile of the respondents?
a. Age
b. Gender
2.) How effective is the Police Visibility program of Talisay Philippine
National Police in terms of:
a. Crime Prevention
b. Community relation
c. Peace and Order
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3.) Is there a significant difference between the perceive
effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by
the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.
Hypothesis of the Study
1.) Ho = There is no significant difference between perceive
effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by
the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Police
Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police in terms of Crime prevention,
Community relation and Peace in Order. The researchers focused in Talisay
Camarines Norte.
The researchers used a survey questionnaire as a tool in gathering the
needed data. The researchers used 196 respondents.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The researchers believed that this study will benefit to the following:
Criminology Students - This study will help them to be knowledgeable
about Police visibility in Talisay Camarines Norte.
Future Researchers - this study shall serve as a guide or source of
information in conduct of their research that may be similar to this.
Furthermore, this study will give them better understanding regarding the
research topic.
Researchers Themselves- through this study, the researcher will enhance
their knowledge and acquire much wider insights to the components of
success that they could use in their future undertaking.
Philippine National Police (PNP)- it may help to solve the crime in our
country.
Community- This will serve as an informative document.
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IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
A. To be able to identify the Perceived Effectiveness of Police visibility
in Talisay Philippine National Police.
B. To be able to identify how effective is the police visibility program of
Talisay Philippine National Police.
Definition of Terms
Police Visibility. It stands for the law enforcement officer assign to the
street and wearing their Uniform and it is effective to prevent crime .
Philippine National Police . It may help to solve the crime in our country
and to serve to our Nation with full pledge of commitment.
Peace and order. Stands for unites religions and culture, incorporating
values of security and harmony together with justice and respect for the
human dignity.
Community Relations . It is public relations at the local level or that it is "living
right and telling about it.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have
bearing on our research. It includes the Theoretical Framework, synthesis
and conceptual framework.
This also includes the research of other persons with relevance to our
research synthesized research from different books, related topics from the
internet and other websites which has relevance to our study.
Related Literature
According to (Myhill & Quinton 2010). Community satisfaction with
police and community expectations of police were investigated, and
whether solo policing plays a role in improving community perceptions of
police services. It is worth nothing that although community expectations
of police services and their overall satisfaction of these services appear
related. Available evidence on citizen confidence in policing found that
effective strategies for maintaining confidence include policing activities
associated with service-oriented models, such as visible patrols,
procedural fairness, community policing and problem solving (Myhill &
Quinton 2010).
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Bailey (2008) stated that Citizen satisfaction with police and attitudes
towards the police have been well documented, particularly in the United
States. However, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as a
variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols
improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids
in the effectiveness of community policing.
Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in
communicating more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens (e.g.
Frank, Smith & Novak 2005; Johnson 2004) and emphasizing the
importance of procedural justic e were suggested solutions.
According to Skogan and Hartnett, (2000) his review also offers little
insight into the effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other
broader-based community problem-solving policing programs
Thompson (2005) elaborated on the concept of the changing visibility in
detail, referring to it as a new visibility elaborating on cases in the US
government and police officers.
Based on learning theory and differential association explain how society
plays a role in causing crime. Once a the seeds of crime are planted in a
community, delinquents and criminals either directly or indirectly teach
others how to commit crime and the criminals substructure is passed on to
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future generations. Researchers, such as Edwin Sutherland et.al., have
made profound contributions by explaining how crime is learned.
In addition, some minority communities seem to experience a
disproportionate amount of crime and communities with a lot of crime are
rich in learning environments for future criminals.
Anomie Theory advocated by Emile Durkheim this theory states that the
absence of norms in the society provides a setting conducive to crime and
other anti-social acts. Durkheim also proposed that crime is a natural thing
in society and it help society for changes.
Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect society,
with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance favoring
tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as proponent
of crime control, while those who seek to curb government intrusions and
harassment of suspect favor a due process control model. Therefore, this
theory is referring to Crime Prevention.
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Related Studies
The police are responsible for trying to make communities safe by
working to prevent criminal acts and enforcing the law. They are accountable
to the community and its assessment of police successes and failures in
preventing, fighting, and solving crimes. The police must also be open and
transparent when dealing with the community and describing crime-fighting
efforts.
This mantle of responsibility for fighting crime carries with it the
obligation for the police to respect the rights of the community members,
since the police can only accomplish their task with the cooperation and
support of the community. When police fail to respect the rights of residents
and police and political leaders fail to hold those who engage in misconduct
accountable, the police-community relationship is put in jeopardy.
According to Catherine Gallagher & Edward R. Maguire (2000).
Neighborhood residents hold both police and residents responsible for
controlling crime in the neighborhood. At the end of the 20th century,
substantial majorities of the American public expressed positive views of
how police treat the public. Police ranked highest in being helpful and
friendly and lowest in treating people fairly. The public image of honesty and
ethical standards of police has improved substantially.
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According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six
general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance;
environmental design or improvement; social and community services;
security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of
crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective .
Community relation states that the relationship of the police to the
community should be harmonious. The community relies upon the police
department to protect and serve and the police, in return, rely upon
community support and cooperation in order to be effective. When
communication and trust deteriorate, tensions build between the community
and police and undermine their shared goal of safer communities.
In addition, Poor communication between the police and communities
served was the problem listed most frequently, in a variety of ways, by
police and community members surveyed. When asked what the main
problems are when it comes to police-community relations, police leaders
listed language barriers, connecting with the community, and lack of
meaningful communication on both sides and lack of understanding of police
practices as o bstacles to better relations. This list is similar to the one
provided by community members, who listed lack of communication,
language barriers, and lack of relationships as barriers to getting along
with the police.
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In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones
responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders
should follow up with the police and should make sure that information
about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large.
Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public
support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact
between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out
that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions
about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community.
Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that
positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and
community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling
informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of
effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some
more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of
contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility.
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Synthesis
When we link all these together, this entire concept describes
similarities, differences and relationship.
In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones
responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders
should follow up with the police and should make sure that information
about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large.
While it is differ to the studies Maya Harrsis that police are responsible
for trying to make communities safe by working to prevent criminal acts and
enforcing the law. They are accountable to the community and its
assessment of police successes and failures in preventing, fighting, and
solving crimes. The police must also be open and transparent when dealing
with the community and describing crime-fighting effort.
We justify that Police and Communities are the same responsible for
improving the community relation, because police are responsible to make
communities safe while communities should make sure the information
about police community.
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Bailey (2008) however, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as
a variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols
improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids
in the effectiveness of community policing.
While it has a similarity on Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on
legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The
point of contact between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor.
They find out that personal contacts are indeed associated with less
favorable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with
the community. Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also
show that positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness
and community engagement.
We justify that having a contact between citizens and officers is one of
the effectiveness to have a good community relation.
According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six
general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance;
environmental design or improvement; social and community services;
security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of
crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective .
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Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in communicating
more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens while it has a similarly
to Community relation it states that the relationship of the police to the
community should be harmonious.
Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework represents the Input, Process and the Output
regarding to perceive effectiveness of police visibility in Talisay Philippine
National Police.
The input serves as the loads that consist of all things that enter the
system; it is also consist of the problem that we want to study.
The process refers to preparation of data gathering, questionnaire and
survey, Interpretation and Analysis, and Evaluation.
The Output system deals with the accomplishment of the research
where the hypotheses are answered.
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Figure2. Conceptual Framework
Theoretical framework
This study is based on Crime Control theory derived from the work of Gordon
Hughis which proposed that criminal justice which places emphasis on reducing
the crime in society through increase police and prosecutorial powers and In
contrast, the due process model focuses on individual liberties and is
concerned with limiting the powers of government.
The profile of therespondents in
Talisay CamarinesNorte.
PerceiveEffectiveness of
communityrelation, Crimeprevention and
Peace and Orderin PNP in Talisay
Camarines Norte.
Data gathering
Questionnaire and
survey
Interpretation
Analysis
Evaluation
Perceive
effectiveness
of police
visibility in
Talisay
Philippine
National Police.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect
society, with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance
favoring tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as
proponent of crime control, while those who seek to curb government
intrusions and harassment of suspect favor a due process control model.
Therefore, this theory is referring to Crime Prevention.
Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public
support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact
between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out
that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions
about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community.
Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that
positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and
community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling
informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of
effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some
more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of
contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility.
The researchers believe then, that this theory has a connection to
Effectiveness of Police Visibility.
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Figure2. Theoretical Framework
Crime Control Theory
(Gordon Hughis)
Public Law and Legal
Theory
Effectiveness ofPolice Visibility
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CHAPTER III
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter presents the research design, the populations of the
study, research instruments, statistical treatment and the formula used by
the researchers.
Research Design
The researchers used descriptive method to asses, to analyze and to
determine the Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine
National Police. The purpose of which was to capture the relevant visibility
program.
Instrumentation
In conducting this study the researchers used a survey questionnaire
to gathered information. The instrument contains the profile of the
respondents.
In determining the level of Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in
Talisay Philippine National Police the researchers use Likert Scale.
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Rating Scale Interpretation Level
4.21 above Highly Effective 5
3.41 -4.20 Much Effective 4
2.61 -3.40 Effective 3
1.81 -2.60 Less Effective 2
0.1 -1.80 Not Effective 1
Participants and Sampling
The respondents in this study are coming from Talisay Camarines Norte.
To get a smaller sample from the initial large sample, t he researchers used
a double sampling method by Edralin, which gave the result of 196 that may
represent the total population. A sample size was derived through the use of
the following formula:
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Where:
1. At 99% confidence level Z a/2 = 2.58
At 95% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.96
At 90% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.65
2. Assume proportion p=0.5 (as preliminary statement)
3. Sampling Error E normally assumes the values: 0.025; 0.05; and
0.10.
The confidence level used in this study was 95% (1.96) and the margin
of error was 0.05.
Statistical Treatment Data
Statistical treatment of data used in analyzing the research study.
Z-Test and Chi-square test are used by the researchers used to determine
if there is significant difference between the perceive effectiveness of Police
Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by the Male and
Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.
1. Mean
where :
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2. Variance :
[ ] Where :
3. Standard Deviation
4. Z-testTwo sample mean is used to determine the significant difference.
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where :
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5. Chi-squ square test
Where:
OF = observed frequency
EF = expected frequency
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