A TSUNAMI IN NUCLEAR ENERGY
Ricardo Moreira da Silva (UFPB)
Joao Luis Fonseca dos Santos (UFPB)
Marcelo Aires Moreira (UFCG)
Josilene Aires Moreira (UFPB)
The nuclear accident in Japan made the world be on alert. With the
imminent threat of contamination by radioactivity of thousands of
people, the world questions the safety of nuclear power projects as a
mass energy. To have a small idea of what this accident represents,
three days after the tsunami, Bowyer et.al. (2011) found in the U.S.
(over 7000 km from the site of the incident) the presence of 133Xe
issued by the reactor in Fukushima. It is not yet disclosed or measured
the size of the accident approach, however scholars have said that this
accident can be compared to the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl.
Thus, this article discusses the need to rethink about the new (“old”)
uncertainties of nuclear energy use worldwide and in Brazil. To
achieve this goal, this article deals with security issues, environmental
impact, costs and use of nuclear energy in Brazil. On the Methodology,
it was used the table of sustainability Driving force-State-Responsive
(developed by the United Nations) for lifting the actions related to the
collection and use of nuclear fuel, testing and implementation of article
writing. We come to the conclusion that nuclear power is unsafe,
expensive and polluting, but it has the possibility of large-scale
production, voltage quality and recognized frequency and that is why
industrialized countries like Germany, France, Belgium and U.S.
cannot in short and medium time close its plants, but its use in Brazil is
dispensable.
Palavras-chaves: Nuclear; environmental, accident
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1. Introduction
Studies on nuclear energy modern dating from the late nineteenth century. Can be generated
by nuclear fission or fusion processes, and whose impacts are entirely distinct.
According to Knobel (2007) to "light atomic nuclei fuse (as hydrogen, deuterium and tritium)
is a huge release of energy, a process which is known as atomic fusion, a process that is
similar to what occurs inside the sun and other stars, where two protons was fuse into an alpha
particle (a helium nucleus), releasing two positrons, two neutrinos and energy.
Hydrogen is the element of nature less complex and more abundant in the universe (PUSZI,
2001). It is the key element of water, which covers over 60% of the planet's surface and
composes various substances in various forms of plants, animals, humans, fossil fuels and
other chemicals (SLOOP, 1978).
In another hand, the process of nuclear fission was discovered by Hahn, Meitner and
Strassman in 1938 and occurs when uranium is bombarded by neutrons, the nucleus breaks
into pieces, turning into lighter atoms, such as barium and krypton. "The energy
corresponding to the nuclear forces that united the pieces are released in the form of kinetic
energy (energy of motion) of the fragments." (BUYS, 2007).
Since ancient times, this power has promised clean energy, cheap, plentiful and so is of great
sweeping polemics (Pereira, 2001) and also because of the magnitude of potential energy
accumulated and "reduced" attack on enviromental, promises to be the energy source more
important for future generations.
In fact, the major aspects of nuclear energy are really the significant amount of CO2 ceased to
be placed in the atmosphere and the amount, the volume of MW can be produced (PEREIRA,
2001), which are positive differentials in the formation of an energy of any country.
According Lepecki (2011) Nuclear power currently provides 16% of electricity generation
worldwide and in countries like Germany, France, Belgium, Finland, Japan, Korea and others
where there are not other primary sources, their intensive use is not an option, is a strategic
decision, even considering their insecurities and challenges. In this regard, it is stated that "the
challenges are not good or bad, but to meet up with people affected by the insecurity, set out
as suspects and disbelieve in the direction of the future, by the intransigence of thinking to
blunt the argument of validity of the concept, which differentiates between stable and unstable
systems" (Santos, 2011). In Brazil represents only 2% of the energy matrix (Silva 2005).
According to Pereira (2001), it suit the context of globalization. His strength and visibility
become evident in the second world war in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which until
today consternation humanity. Not only in war that nuclear energy shows its strength
comprehensive, because it is capital intensive, technologically complex, global and
environmental impact.
• Intensive in capital when it requires large initial investments to be transformed into
electricity. Moreover, the costs of its construction eventually involve not uncommon, most
investments were originally intended. Therefore, the property is always the state or expression
of financial groups worldwide.
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• Technologically complex, it requires highly qualified staff, centralized power structure,
hierarchy, similar to the stricter organizations created for the control of society.
• Environmental and overall impact, it requires strict monitoring and free access by
supranational institutions charged with overseeing the productive chain of nuclear energy.
This globalized nature has strengthened the international body created to monitor its
development and control: The International Atomic Energy Agency.
Thus, nuclear power has nuances that must be addressed before its use, and this article deals
only three such issues: safety, environmental impact, costs and the use of nuclear energy in
Brazil.
2. Secure Energy?
We oppose the fate and release us from the common destiny of bounded rationality to avoid
the contradictions of the past. An earthquake and a tsunami caused a nuclear accident, ie,
without appropriating systems thinking, human being was in no way responsible. This is a
fatality, a destination built, through which several paths of knowledge are possible within a
realistic chance.
One learns that reversible processes are able to change fate, despite not being able to modify
the design that gives them time to identify the different realities of the transition from disorder
to order and vice versa. Every decision is taken, the future is being changed to the evolution
of sustainable development. The deterministic chaos is present, but it takes rationality to the
decision to use nuclear power.
Unpredictability is not the novelty, which leads to a new order. There are countless problems,
feats of identification to the rethinking of belief are necessary to re-understand the security
and the chaos associated with new branches that may interfere with protected environmental
assets of nuclear energy.
Because of Fukushima, Tanimoto et.al. (2011) argue that the nuclear power industry in Japan
is facing its worst crisis. Not only Japanese, but the whole world seems untrusting. Authorities
related Fukushima seem reluctant to admit the seriousness of the problem to protect the
reputation of the nuclear industry as much as possible. Duffield and Woodall (2011) already
state that the consequences of Fukushima can be compared to Three Mile Island (USA) and
Chernobyl (ex- USSR).
In fact, Saenko et.al. (2011) have studied the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant ranked
as the worst industrial accident of the last century where there was a radioactive
contamination of large areas in the vicinity, immediately affecting the health of nearly five
million people, one million children less than 15 years. The few predictions about Fukushima
estimate that the radiation may have reached 200 000 people directly.
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Photos of the nuclear accident
Source: http://info.abril.com.br/noticias/tecnologias-verdes/nivel-de-radiacao-em-regiao-do-
japao-preocupa-20032011-3.shl
According to Marques (2011), Germany's first reaction was, in theory, leave this option
energy, closing two plants in operation. In an emergency meeting in Brussels, the Swiss
government suspended new licenses, which was accompanied by several European Union
countries, who placed in the portfolio revaluation of its primary energy supply (since Europe
has the most nuclear power plants on the planet).
Next to Japan, China, have slowed the construction of 28 plants. That occurs and ZHANG
ZHOU (2010) put it in that country, the limited resources of raw materials, the rising cost of
fossil energy and environmental problems in coal mining, nuclear power is making a strategic
choice inevitable, even aware of the problems of reactor safety, nuclear waste treatment and
the risk of proliferation of nuclear material.
Moreover, according to Pereira (2001), access to any of these amounts of plutonium, either by
unscrupulous individuals or followers of radical movements of society, can establish a
clandestine trade and / or spread terror on a global scale, not exactly by usable energy to the
element ends, but the destructive potential that concentrates.
In this consider, Goldemberg (2011) puts it: "with or without natural disasters, nuclear plants
have always been dangerous. Technology is not 100% secure. The accident in Japan
remembers the tale of Alice in Wonderland. The mirror shattered, security was illusory. Who
works with nuclear energy knows how bad it is, by their natural history. A reactor needs to be
refrigerated, must have water circulating inside it. If, for a failure, this fails to happen, it melts
and then we have a catastrophe, as happened at Three Mile Island, Chenobyl and Japan, "no
matter whether it was caused by natural events, a natural disaster (as in Fukushima) or just a
valve that fought in the american power plant.
The question that is now present in all who study energy management is whether Japan,
which was one of the most technologically prepared to manage atomic plants, it experienced
the "insecurity" because of a nuclear event of nature, which the chances of a nuclear disaster
intercontinental proportions, in the case of a plant's process similar to Fukushima?. It is
mathematically impossible to answer, but are probabilistically possible and meaningful.
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Thus the arguments must follow their destiny and be imbued with the laws of nature. We must
observe the safety convictions are more dangerous than the lies, knowing that the half-
knowing that probation is more argumentative knowing full deterministic. So many beliefs are
devoid of real moments, but conscious that in the context of disagreement they will be
ostracized, by time and experience. Opt for caution, by study, must be a maximum when
dealing with nuclear energy. One of the precepts engraved in the temple of Delphi was "Know
Itself." Platão says through Socrates - a character of his writings - that "it seems ridiculous,
because I still do not possess this knowledge, they put me to consider things that do not
concern me."
3. Clean Energy?
Nuclear power emits no CO2 to the atmosphere. And actually this part was responsible for the
"illusion" of nuclear energy is clean, even considering the collapses. Lovelock (2006) even
states that nuclear power is "the" source of energy capable of meeting the expectations of
being human.
In this regard Pereira (2001) states that "Although the incident with the Soviet reactor in 1986
has shown that the amplitude can acquire a nuclear accident, other concerns regarding the
environmental health of the planet being disseminated worldwide at the time. The greenhouse
effect and destruction of the ozone layer were being blamed for systemically predictable
changes in Earth's climate. "
In fact, even considering the severity of the accidents cited, the world saw the accident just as
local and global warming is recognized, therefore, CO2 does not play by itself, would be a
"good" reason for their use. Indeed, the production process of nuclear power releases no
greenhouse gas in appreciable quantities, or sulfur or nitrogen and this can not be overlooked.
To get an idea what it represents, a study by the IAEA (1999) shows that the 436 reactors in
operation in 1999 were replaced by coal-fired thermal power plants of similar power would
add another 8% to 5.5 billion tonnes of CO2 in the atmosphere. Pereira (2001) adds that
research conducted in Germany and the USA report that all the activities involved in
generating electricity by nuclear power emits only between 0.5 to 4% of the CO2 released by
coal-fired thermal power plant of the same power.
Along these lines, the following table built by Greyvenstein et al (2008) provides the
composition of global CO2 emissions by sectors and add that "nuclear energy is currently
only used in generating electricity, but could also play a significant role in the sector
industrial and transport to provide process heat." The use of nuclear heat in industries could
reduce by 25% of global CO2 emissions.
Table 1. – Global Emissions of CO2 by energy sector
ORIGEM %
Eletricity 33
Industrial 25
Transport 24
Refineries 13
Others 5
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Source: Greyvenstein et al.(2008)
However, according to the cited author, for use, all logistics choice of siting the plant, should
be done, or logistics "transportation" of energy in hydrogen cells.
Accept nuclear energy as clean energy requires some abstraction, or even ignorance. It
produces radioactive waste in nature, (which do not contribute to the greenhouse effect), but
contribute to increased risk of technological, environmental and human. In any event, the
nuclear industry needs to solve at least two problems arising from waste releases: The nuclear
waste and plutonium stocks.
Pereira (2001) puts radioactive material and nuclear waste are present in all activities of the
nuclear fuel chain and the intensity of radiation that a material continues to emit into the
environment allows to classify it as waste with high or low degree. The high degree of tailings
are those that emit large amounts of ionizing radiation (iodo-128/25 minutes of estrôncio-
90/28 césio-137/30 years and years). Since the low-grade tailings are generated by nuclides of
long half-life (uranium-238 / 4.5 million years).
Therefore, a series of restrictions to be eliminated by studying and understanding, confirming
or invalidating the predictions of nuclear-electric power. The first is what it says it cannot
change the argument of open and participatory approach, but we need the reversal of certain
habits and even trends of a "sustainable society".
To overcome these constraints and take the field fecundity of shares without changing the
pains of development, the result is a series of economic and environmental changes and a
confirmation core-electric in particular, under the necessity of efficiency even with an
approach marked by objectivity and sustainability.
Indeed, nuclear energy has strong environmental impacts, not only in cases of accidents cited,
but in its normal operation, which produces a nuclear waste that currently does not have any
effective treatment.
Therefore, the target can be modified and the use of nuclear power has that power, both
socially and physically. The change must be managed by those who understand, that it should
become to construct images of the energy planning without the tragic figure of the thing
environmentally incorrect, even rethought the probability of change for sustainable
development of energy resources.
According to Pereira (2001) there is an accumulation of many radioactive materials that must
be accommodated in permanent repositories. This waste can be buried underground in
buildings that have deep excavations (as in Sweden) or in excavation areas in tectonically
stable areas of granites. Fact is that a target needs to be given to the garbage and it has very
high costs.
In this case, the future is no longer a fact of reality is socially constructed, is a physical reality
that disturbs the order of certainty. We must build a new destination of sustainable energy
development. No idea differently or opposite to the enhancement can bring us to construct a
problem that part of the day by the integration of environmental costs and physical security.
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Thus, it is said that nuclear energy is considered clean because of the non-issuance of CO2 in
the atmosphere, because it really does not contribute to global warming, but often in the
environmental account to explain the rationality of the players in the development of action is
"forgotten" the passive left via nuclear waste, and thus only aspect of CO2 emissions "is little
significant to ensure a clean energy, ie the non-issuance of itself is not sufficient to justify its
use, especially in relation to accidents (Three Miles Islands, in 1976, Chernobyl, ten years and
in Fukushima in 2011), and besides, there are uncertainties about the fate of nuclear wastes.
4. Low Cost Energy Production
The expected low cost of production does not exist because the cost of MW produced via
nuclear energy is one of the highest among the known sources. Pereira (2001) shows that in
the early 90's the cost of nuclear MW installed was around U.S. $ 2000.00 while the natural
gas plants even reach $ 1,000 per KW installed. When compared with traditional
technologies, the costs in nuclear plants require double the capital investment. Therefore, in
countries where the electricity sector was privatized energy companies refuse to take nuclear
power generators in its parks.
Goldemberg (2011b) suggests that the high costs of nuclear energy are associated with three
risks: economic, strategic and physical burden that the ultimate amount of MW produced.
a) The economic risks: It has to do with the production of electricity itself. Concerns about the
safety of nuclear reactors greatly increase its cost, so the electricity produced by them has
difficulty competing with electricity generated from other sources such as coal, gas and
hydroelectricity. Furthermore, more often interrupt the functioning of nuclear reactors than in
non-nuclear plants and delays in construction of power plants which greatly increases their
cost of capital due to interest.
b) Strategic risks: In this case we consider the question of the possibility of using the products
used in nuclear fuel cycle (uranium enrichment) or the products formed by the operation of
nuclear reactors (plutonium) for nuclear weapons. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
adopted in 1967 aimed to take possession of nuclear weapons only to the United States,
Soviet Union, Britain, France and China (which had already developed). In practice, India,
Pakistan, Israel also known to have developed nuclear weapons. In addition, there are rumors
that some procedure in Iraq, South Africa, Libya, Iran and North Korea.
c) The physical risks are considered those that result from production and use of large
amounts of radioactivity, which is inherent in the use of nuclear energy. They include the
production of nuclear fuel (enriched uranium), its use in nuclear reactors, where accidents can
happen to release radioactivity into the environment, and storage of highly radioactive waste.
About 400 reactors in the world uses "enriched uranium" and the nuclear explosion (inside or
outside the reactor) produce an immense radioactivity that is active thousands of years. The
problem is, therefore, to prevent her escape from nuclear reactors in operation, and storing the
"nuclear waste" and this has costs.
The alluded author also to other forms of energy also have risks, but not on the scale of
nuclear energy, hydroelectric dams have collapsed, inundating vast areas and causing deaths,
but those accidents were located. Power plants that use gas have been stalled due to political
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problems related to supply (as happened in Ukraine, when Russia cut off gas supplies) but
were more related to the price of gas than with strategic problems. With nuclear energy, all
these problems and risks associated acquired a much greater seriousness. The U.S. became
involved in a costly war with Iraq because of suspicions that the country was developing
nuclear weapons. The situation with Iran and North Korea is also not reassuring in this regard.
Already Kessides (2010) analyzes the costs and benefits of nuclear energy in relation to
investments in basic technologies of alternative and concludes that:
i. The costs of nuclear generation are quite insensitive to the price of oil, gas and carbon,
because only in plant construction costs, (particularly those related to steel and concrete) there
is a relationship with the rising prices of fossil fuels. However, this does not reflect the costs
of operating the plant because the cost is absorbed quickly and once incurred, makes no
impact on the final cost;
ii. No study is able to accurately predict the costs of nuclear energy with respect to risks
related to human health and environmental impacts of radioactive emissions from routine
operations of a plant, beyond what would occur in accidents and so the positive side of
nuclear power (not affecting the climate) should be carefully evaluated.
iii. The standardization of the reactors (mainly using the small-scale) can lower costs,
however this is not an option for countries that do not have large numbers of plants, ie not an
option for most countries.
In this direction there is also the construction costs of nuclear waste deposits. The costs are
very high and should be incorporated into the cost of energy production. Sweden, for
example, created a system of "award for green credits" to provide for the payment of a fee by
generating units that somehow affect the nature, as is the case of nuclear energy. With this
green tax, managed to build shelter for their nuclear waste.
The SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB / Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management
Company) installed in the Oskarshamn region, is a haven for all the nuclear waste from its
plants over the next 60 years, which has planned the final cost of 3 billion euros and can be
seen in the photos below.
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Main door
Cutaway view of nuclear depository
Galery of acess
Capsule of depository
Source: Pacini (2009)
Pacini (2009) states that the weight of the capsule is about 20 tons and the individual cost is
around 200 000 euros. To depository the nuclear waste, Sweden plans to build 6.700 capsules
of Cu, which will be sealed in case of high welding technology, forgotten and covered with
betonita for 100.000 years.
Thus, observing only the aspect of production costs, nuclear power is an option for use only in
France, Finland, Japan, Korea and other countries where there are no other primary sources.
(Lepecki, 2011), but it is clear that the "demand for security systems more efficient and a rise
in the price of insurance tend to exaggerate further nuclear electricity" (COSTA, 2011).
Santos (2011) states that "the arguments dark always weigh things in a distorted way
misunderstood, so there is bad faith under the circumstances surrounding the decision-making
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nuclear energy, because though expensive, there are always possibilities for new sets of mass
energies ". So the high costs are tolerated and masked, in the words and actions that are
generated by hiding the end of certainties and use their weaknesses, gaps, and biases as
fertilizers, disguise the economic chaos of nuclear energy.
5. Nuclear Power in Brazil
According to Marques (2011) in Brazil, the accident led the Japanese president ask for a
review of the Ten Year Energy Plan, which provided for completion of Three Creek and
investment in four other similar plants - two in the Northeast and two in the South The author
alluded to, Goldemberg (2011B), Pereira (2001), BEN (2010) ensure that Brazil can maintain
its energy without the use of nuclear energy for some time.
Initially, Brazil for its energy, never needed the MW produced by the Angra plants. Indeed,
the deployment of such technology carries in its core aspirations, much more than the amount
of MW produced, it is also the question of exercising power (power in organizations by
Pagès, 2006 and perspective of consumption and power by Portillo, 2005). The military
government at the time of contracting the Angra project counteracted the technical indications
of the use of uranium in natural abundant in Brazil to use enriched fuel. The purpose was to
empower the government to master the technology for uranium enrichment (Silva 2005).
Santos (2011) posits that the use of nuclear energy (unless the scale of mass production) in no
way can be defended in Brazil. Its stability is overcome by the nature of energy production
and weakens the argument that keeping it is not to identify the structures desiccants for the
acts and omissions of their initial conditions.
Thus, according to Marques (2011) returns to Brazil the interest of scientific and alternative
sources of energy, not to lose the train of modernity and of falling behind in relation to other
countries that had already adopted this path. On this issue it has is in privileged position of
being able to use abundant and cheaper alternatives such as hydroelectric plants, wind and
biomass.
Compounding the argument of the use of nuclear energy, Costa (2011) states that the
financing conditions of Angra 3 is controversial, since Eletronuclear assumed rate of return on
investment from 8% to 10% - far below those practiced by market, ranging from 12% to 18%.
Thus we can say that government subsidies will be hidden in disguised bills.
According to the alluded author to, the costs of Angra 3, which was $ 7.2 billion in 2008,
increased to $ 10.4 billion in 2010, not counting the $ 1.5 billion already employed in the
construction and the U.S. $ 20 million spent annually to maintain the plant. Since 2008, the
installation cost per kW of this power plant has risen 44%, from $ to $ 5.330/kW 7.700/kW.
Even with the "masked" R $ 138.14 / MWh announced by the federal government said the
plant is much larger than the energy of the Santo Antonio dam, which was trading at a price of
$ 79/MWh and the hydroelectric Jirau of £ 91/MWh (both in Rio Madeira).
Thus the need and desire are signs of Brazilian culture; indicate that we need to infuse
creativity, to finish games the development of electricity in a sustainable way, which should
show the study, growth and application of alternative energy sources.
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6. Conclusion
Experts as Lepecki (2011); Goldemberg (2011B) and Costa (2011) argue that nuclear power
is dangerous and expensive. In Fukushima, nuclear energy is offering one more show their
insecurity and their destructive power. Since the accident at Chernobyl have not seen such
strong reactions to its use.
About inexhaustibility, the expected use of the raw material is 500 years. Pereira (2001)
posited that "countries that have long been shown unfavorable to the nuclear option as
Belgium, today presented 60% of its energy from fissile source, and Sweden 46.2% ...
Germany 31.8%, and still a very large degree depend on it to meet its energy demands as a
whole and particularly electricity. "
Even with the accident in Japan, in practice, no country can ignore immediately said this form
of energy generation, including Germany, where it invests heavily in wind farms.
In Sweden there was an even more surprising fact: There was a plebiscite in 2006, where over
80% of the vote, ordered the closure of all nuclear plants. It happens that the government
announced then that he could not attend the plebiscite, but vowed not to open new plants. It
happens that in February 2009, the Swedish government announced that the country would
need more energy, and therefore need to build five new nuclear plants.
Pereira (2001) questioned why the position of these countries does not eliminate nuclear and
answered himself saying it was absolutely impossible in the short to medium horizon to
replace the amount of energy currently generated by sources fissile.
Thus, it is extremely concerned with security that require nuclear facilities, it is prudent to
follow the same outputs for less risky. Global health officials, before the disaster in
Fukushima, reached a unanimous conclusion and alarming: no nuclear power plant on the
planet is safe from earthquakes, tsunamis or other manifestations of nature's fury as it swept
through Japan Perhaps for this reason are becoming convinced that it was time to reveal new
sources of power or opting for smaller-scale plants as an alternative.
Thus, even expensive and polluting nuclear power quality voltage and frequency and has no
recognized problem of scale in production. So what industrialized country is willing to give
that measure of reliability? Why nuclear energy is the alternative electricity supply in large
scale for a country means power (Portillo, 2005).
Unlike this case is Brazil, where Goldemberg (2011) claims to be nuclear power, expendable.
According to the author alluded to "this type of generation should be the last of options,
restricted to countries that have no other option, as France. Angra 3 When finished, the power
generated will be less than the potential energy production from sugar cane bagasse, which
only in Sao Paulo is 2000MW. It is the energy of two nuclear reactors. We must rely more on
biomass and hydropower, there is still much potential to be tapped. "
It is possible that the fear of identifying the central representation of operators of nuclear
energy, electric, like anarchy derives from the fact that they think that all rules of
sustainability of nuclear power are weak. The real issue is not thinking, a Pandora's box which
imprisons the intelligence must be open, in the context of a future that is in perpetual
construction.
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The volume of the activity of nuclear energy is the movement of energy caring for the
environment and not otherwise. Needed is a balance of energy resources in the context that is
not identified for sure. It is necessary to abandon the inertia and hopelessness, to build a new
energy future.
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Attachments
Nuclear Driving force State Responsive
Economic
Extraction and transport of radioactive material
change system of
employment and
local income
Need to reorganize the system of local income
and employment (trade and services)
changes in rural (4)
Organization of rural areas (equipment and
machinery for the extraction of material).
Reorganization of the management system
(training for material extraction)
Construction of warehouses for storage. (2,8)
Organization for transportation (3)
Transportation costs (3)
Raw material available in nature for the next
500 years (5.6)
Transformation of
radioactive material
into heat and
electricity (2,3)
Use of steam
generation (2,3)
Cost of nuclear plant construction (2,8,9)
Organizing logistics for the plant. (2.3)
High production costs (when compared to
other sources) (1,2,9).
Delayed return of capital (1)
Large production capacity (1.2)
Thermo use (1,2,4) Average efficiency in electricity production (7)
High production scale (4.5)
Consumption of
nuclear energy
Power plant
installation (6)
You can install the plant at or near the
extraction or consumption, facilitating the use
or nonuse of transmission lines. (6.7)
Environmental
Extraction and
transport of
radioactive material
(2)
Clean Production
(2)
Not emiss of CO2 (2,7)
Land and water use
Need for monitoring and treatment of water to
avoid contaminating the soil and groundwater
(7).
Transformation of
radioactive material
Waste management
(2,7,8)
Need for monitoring nuclear waste (4,7,8,9)
Need to build shelter for nuclear waste (8)
XVII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Technological Innovation and Intellectual Property: Production Engineering Challenges in Brazil Consolidation in the World Economic Scenario. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 04 to 07 October – 2011
14
into heat and
electricity (1,2,3)
Need seeking strict controls to prevent
involuntary loss of nuclear waste.
Monitoring of groundwater.
Risk of catastrophe
(7,8)
Dust / particulate fugitive (7.8)
Noise
Risk of fire (8)
Radiation risk (7.8)
reduction of
greenhouse (3) Not emiss of CO2 (2,3)
Consumption of
nuclear energy Carefull into area
Risk of fires.
Monitoring of flora and fauna in the vicinity.
Social
Extraction and
transport of
radioactive material
Change system of
employment and
local income
Reorganization of the rural countryside
(deposit extraction).
Monitoring of cultural change.
Transformation of
radioactive material
into heat and
electricity (1,2,3)
Implementation of
power plants (7,8)
Creation of employment and income in nuclear
power plants
Need more training and education (5.7)
Sanitary effluents Should be treated avoiding radioactive
contamination
Health (7,8) Carefull of radioactive (7,8)
Consumption of
nuclear energy
Information
management (7) Need of Marketing about nuclear energy (7)
Institucional
Political decision by
the use of nuclear
energy
(4)
Establishment of
public policies (8)
Generation of employment and local income.
Policy of social (education, health, sanitation).
Need for agreements with local (4)
Income of public
services (4)
Increase the capacity of public service
Regional planning (4)
Facilitates the
decentralization of
power (6)
Facilitates the generation in remote areas (7)
Increases the universal energy (4)
Table DSR
Source: made by the authors from: [1] Pereira(2001); [2] Lepecki (2011); [3] Greyvenstein et
al (2008); [4] Energy in Sweden (2007) [5] Knobel (2007); [6] Silva (2005); [7] Goldemberg
(2011); [8] Goldemberg (2011b); [9] Costa (2011)
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