Download - A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

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Page 1: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl

Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs

“Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic Threats to our Children’s Health”

October 15, 2005Spokane, WA

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org

Page 2: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Infant & Child Health

Page 3: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

“Children can develop and mature in an

environment that allows them to reach and maintain their full

potential.”

Vision for Child Health

Page 4: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Purpose of PBDEs

Fire kills more than 3,000/year Injures more than 20,000 $11 billion in damage Flame retardants Used in many consumer products

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether

Page 5: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Structure of PBDEs

X & Y are number of Bromine atomse.g. decaPBDE has 10 Bromines

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether

O

BrxBry

Page 6: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

How much PBDEs are used?

PBDEs Americas Europe Asia

Deca- 53.9 16.7 50.6

Octa- 3.3 1.3 3.3

Penta- 15.6 0.33 0.33

Total – 72.8 18.4 54.2

Millions of lbs used/year (2001)

Total world-wide 148.3 M lbs/yr Data from BSEF (2001)

Page 7: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs in Consumer Products

Plastics - Deca, Octa, Penta

Computers, televisions, hair dryers, curling irons, copy machines, fax machines, printers, coffee makers, plastic automotive parts, lighting panels, PVC wire and cables, electrical connectors, fuses, housings, boxes and switches, lamp sockets, waste-water pipes, underground junction boxes, circuit boards, smoke detectors

Textiles - Deca, Penta

Back coatings and impregnation of home and office furniture, industrial drapes, carpets, automotive seating, aircraft and train seating

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs in Consumer Products

Polyurethane foam - Penta

Home and office furniture (couches and chairs, carpet padding, mattresses and mattress pads) automobile, bus, plane and train seating, sound insulation panels, imitation wood, packaging materials

Rubber - Deca, Penta

Conveyor belts, foamed pipes for insulation, rubber cables

Paints and lacquers - Deca, Penta

Marine and industry protective lacquers and paints

Page 9: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Sunlight / UV light breaks down PBDEs (encourages debromination)

Slower to break down in doors – increased in door exposure to deca

Debrominates to more toxic PBDEs

Degradation of PBDEs

Page 10: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Atmospheric transport – found in artic sediment, mussels and animals

Remote Canadian lakesIsland in BalticIndoor dust

Transport of PBDEs

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs in House Dust (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants Contaminate American Homes - http://www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Found in animalsIncrease in fishIncrease in whalesSewage sludgePCBs Found in Lake Washington

Fish (PBDEs next?)

Found in human (breast milk)

Bioavailability of PBDEs

Page 13: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs Breast Milk - Sweden

(Norén and Mieronyté, 1998)

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs in Breast Milk (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants in Breast Milk from American Mothers - http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Flame Retardants In Puget Sound Residents - A study of toxic body burdens

Joint study by Northwest Environmental Watch and Washington Toxics Coalition

What was found in women’s breast milk9 samples – range 13 to 156 ppb PBDEsMedian 50 ppb (parts per billion)Japan blood median 1.3 ppbSwedish breast milk median 2.1 ppb

WA State PBDEs Burdens

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs In Milk Fat

PBDE in milk fat - Puget Sound mothers

13 13 1326

50 56

117126

156

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample Number

pp

b in

Milk

Fat

(adapted from Northwest Environmental Watch, 2004)

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Texas 2002 – Breast milk from 47 mothers – median 34 ppb

Across U.S. - 20 breast milk samples – median 58 ppb

Additional Reports - PBDEs

Page 18: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Additional Reports - PBDEs

Comparison of World Wide PBDE levels in lipid

1.3 2.1

25

34

5850

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Japan(2000)

Sweden(2001)

Canada(2001-02)

Texas(2002)

UnitedStates

(2002-03)

PugetSound(2003)

Me

da

in P

BD

E le

ve

l in

Lip

id (

pp

b)

(adapted from Northwest Environmental Watch, 2004)

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Importance of Breast Feeding

Absolutely the best infant foodDespite the chemical found in breast

milk, the benefits outweigh any riskReduces incidence of a number of

diseases and infectionsFormula milk may also have

contaminantsBreast feeding good for mothers too

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Similar to PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls)

PBT (Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicant)

No human dataAnimals studies indicate

Effects thyroid hormone levelsNeurobehavioral toxicity

Effects development - alters BehaviorImpairs memory and learning

Delays sexual development

Health Effects of PBDEs

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Health effects – deca-PBDE?Animals studies – neurobehavioral,

endocrine effects? Human studies?

Metabolism – is deca-PBDE metabolized to more toxic metabolites? How fast? Persistent in body?

Break down – does deca-PBDE break down in the environment to penta or octa? Impact of UV light?

Do we need to know more?

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

PBDEs migrate out of productsFound in the environment and animalsFound homes and mother’s breast milkPCBs and PBDEs very similarPBDEs have health effects at low dosesDeca-PBDE has effects (may be from

metabolites)Deca-does break down and is metabolized

Therefore we need to adapt a precautionary approach

What do we know?

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Europe Banned - Penta and octa-PBDE Deca-PBDE used in electronics

(greatest use of deca) Deca will be banned by 2006

PBDEs – International Status

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

U.S. EPA and a U.S. chemical manufacturer, agreed to phase out Penta and Octa-PBDE by end of 2004

Deca-PBDE in consumer electronics (80% of the chemical's commercial use) – no agreement

PBDEs – National Status

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Legislation to ban - Penta and Octa-PBDE

Did not ban Deca-PBDEMust report amount of electronic

waste and toxic chemicals in waste such as PBDEs, metals

PBDEs – California Status

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Jan 2004 - Governor Locke issued an Executive Order directing the Department of

Ecology to develop a phase out plan March 2004 - March 2004, the Washington

State Legislature funded the development of a PBDE phase out plan

Advisory panel formed

PBDEs & WA State

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Dept. of Ecology Draft Report A complete ban on Penta and

Octa-PBDE A ban on Deca-PBDE in consumer

electronics (80% of the chemical's commercial use).

Public hearing October 19th

PBDEs & WA State - Status

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/pbt/pbde/index.html

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Buy products with natural fibers (cotton and wool) that are naturally fire resistant.

Choice materials that do not have or need flame-retardants (IKEA uses no PBDEs)

Manufactures are redesigning products

Research for new flame-retardants

Alternatives

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not

fully established scientifically.”

Wingspread Conference, 1998.

Precautionary Principle

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

FDA regulations of Drugs (1938) FDA regulations of Dietary

Supplements (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA))

Ephedra present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury (Dec, 2003)

Safety & Efficacy vs Harm

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

• Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty

• Shifting the burden of responsibility to the proponents of an activity

• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions

• Increasing public participation in decision making

Wingspread Conference, 1998.

Central components

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

• Changes in purchase policy to less toxic cleaners & paints

• Integrated pest management

• Banning chemicals in consumer products

• Approach to decision making

Examples of Precautionary Approach

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

The Potential of Children

Page 34: A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and PBTs “Out of Harm’s Way: Preventing Toxic.

A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

A Small Dose of ™ PBDEs

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Additional Information

Flame Retardants In Puget Sound Residents - A study of toxic body burdens (http://www.northwestwatch.org/pollution/)

Washington Toxics Coalition (www.watoxics.org)

Washington State – Department of Ecology – (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/pbt/pbde/index.html)

Birnbaum, L. S., & Staskal, D. F. (2004). Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environ Health Perspect, 112(1), 9-17. (available on line at www.ehponline.org)

Hooper, K., & McDonald, T. A. (2000). The PBDEs: an emerging environmental challenge and another reason for breast-milk monitoring programs. Environ Health Perspect, 108(5), 387-392. (available on line at www.ehponline.org)

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology

See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose

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A Small Dose of PBDEs 10/15/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology

Contact Information

For Additional Information ContactSteven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT

E-mail: [email protected]: www.asmalldoseof.org

This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”