A Perspective on UbiquitousCommunications: the MoCCA
Project
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANs
Anton T. Dahbura
Digital Equipment Corp.
Cambridge Research Laboratory
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19962
Outline
• Introduction and Background
• The MoCCA Vision
• Technology Barriers and ResearchOpportunities
• Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19963
Why Has the Vision not Flown?• devices have not displaced other carried items
• lack of clear vertical market focus
• low-performance CPUs, small memories, poor battery life
• inadequate input such as handwriting recognition
• disappointing ease-of-use factors
• inadequate display and keyboard sizes
• lack of seamless and ubiquitous communications
• cost/value!
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19964
Device TrendsThe industry has entered a period of transition and growing user
acceptance.
Relative successes in the consumer market:
• Newton MessagePad 130
• Sharp Zaurus
• Hewlett-Packard OmniGo 100
• Casio Z-7000
• U.S. Robotics Pilot
• Psion 3A
Mainly organizers with limited communications/synchronizationmeans.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 19965
Vertical Markets Trends
Some progress in market for mobile devices forvertical applications (inventory control, health care):
• Telxon
• Badger
• Fujitsu (pen-based, Windows 95)
• Symbol
• Norand
These and other devices are exposing many to thetechnology.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199610/25/96
Microprocessor Technology TrendsFeatures size (micron)
0.5 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.10 Gates/chip
300K 800K 2M 5M 10M 20MDRAM
16M 64M 256M 1G 4G 16GSRAM
4M 16M 64M 256M 1G 4GMips
100 400 1000 2500 5000 10000Disks
2GB 8GB 25GB 75GB 200GB 500GBLAN Bandwidth
100 1000 10000?
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007Source: Semiconductor Industry Association -- Semiconductor Technology Workshops Conclusions March, 1993
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199610/25/96
Microprocessors Technology Trends(Cont.)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
GUIs
Speech Recognition
Vision
Natural Language
Per
form
ance
(S
PE
Cin
t92)
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000S
PE
Cfp
92
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Relative Performance: Microprocessors (SPECfp92)
Intel CISC SPECfp
SPARC/MIPS/Other RISC SPECfp
PowerPC/RIOS SPECfp
HP Precision SPECfp
Alpha (xxx64) SPECfp
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
'LJLWDO�$50�3DUWQHUVKLS'LJLWDO�$50�3DUWQHUVKLS
� DS has negotiated an architecture license from ARM Ltd.• unique position (others are manufacturing licensees only)
� DS will develop and manufacture a series of standardproducts (SPs) and application specific SPs (ASSPs) basedon the StrongARM core technology
• Standard Products are general purpose devices• ASSPs are targeted at specific markets and applications
� DS will develop a family of ARM compliant cores ( theStrongARM family) which will be made available to ARM Ltd.for sub-license to their manufacturing licensees
• cores are enabling technology for ASSPs and CSSPs (customerspecific SPs), from other ARM licensees
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
ARM Family Roadmap
ARM8,810
ARM7D,7DM
ARM2,3
1985 - 90 1991 1993-1995 1996 1997
ARM7DMTCode Density
Power EfficiencyWorlds Smallest RISC
ARM6,60,610
ARM7,710Embedded ICE
MIPS
20
40
60
80
100
0
ArchitectureEnhancement
Fast Multiply
200StrongARM1,110 StrongARM1,110
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
6WURQJ$506WURQJ$50�7DUJHW�0DUNHW�6HJPHQWV�7DUJHW�0DUNHW�6HJPHQWV
� Smart Handheld Devices– PDAs, Electronic Organizers,– Digital Cameras, Smart Phones
� Interactive Digital Media– Digital Set-top devices, Interactive TV, Video Game Players
� Internet Appliances– Net Browsers, Intranet Devices
� Embedded Control– Internetworking: Routers, Bridges, LAN Switches– Office Automation: Printers, Scanners, Copiers, etc.– Telecommunication: PBX, Cellular Base Stations– Storage Peripherals: Drive Controllers, RAID Controllers– PC Add-Ins: Intelligent I/O Cards, LAN / WAN
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
SA-110 DetailsProcess Technology 0.35 um, 3LM CMOS
Supply voltage Core voltage 1.65 - 2.0 Volts
I/O voltage 3.3 Volts
Frequency & Power < 900 mW @ 200 MHz @ 2.00-V
< 450 mW @ 160 MHz @ 1.65-V
< 300 mW @ 100 MHz @ 1.65-V
Power-down Modes - Normal Mode (<300mW@100MHz)
- Idle Mode (20mW Average)
- Sleep Mode (50uA Average)
Package 144 TQFP
Current Status Samples at key customers now
Volume Q3 1996
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
SA-110 Block Diagram
Address Buffer JTAG Test
IMMU
DMMU
16KBICache
16KBDCache
StrongARMCoreSA-1
Write Buffer
Clock
Control
Load/Store Data
PC
Addr
Instruction
D[31:0]
PWRSLPABORTINTERRUPTSRESET
CCCFGMCCFG
A[31:0]nWAIT MCLK nMCLK SnA CLK
5
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
Establishing New Benchmarks in theSmart Handheld Market
SA-110 / 100 SA-110 / 160
Frequency 100 Mhz 160 Mhz
Performance(Dhrystone 2.1 MIPS)
115 185
Power < 300 mW < 450 mW
MIPS / Watt 383 411
Price (10k unitvolumes)
$ 29 $ 49
MIPS / $ 4.0 3.8
Best performancein SHH market
Leader in power-efficiency
Leader inprice-performance
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199615
Software Systems Trends
Contenders for next-generation mobile device drivers:
• Microsoft Windows CE (Compaq, Casio)
• JavaOS (Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia)
• General Magic’s Magic Cap (?)
• Geowork’s GEOS
These operating systems are also being considered forset-top boxes and Internet appliances.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199616
Communications Infrastructure Trends• Next-generation wide-area technology in the U.S.
evolving towards PCS in spite of technologicalconfusion;
• GSM will continue to dominate in Europe and otheroverseas markets;
• CDPD, packet radio (RAM Mobile, ARDIS), one- andtwo-way paging, will continue to find niche markets;
• emerging: wireless cable, ESMR, satellite, television
• wireless LANs will continue to grow; residential?
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199617
Market Projections
The installed base of wireless data subscribers in theU.S. is expected to grow from 500,000 in 1994 tonearly 10M in 2000.
Driving factors:
• move towards the untethered, mobile workforce;
• gradual build-out of the wireless infrastructure;
• deregulation and spectrum auctions;
• emergence of end-user client-server businessapplications and middleware.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199618
Global Wireless Data NetworksRevenues
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Leos SatelliteGeosync SatelliteCellular Packet RadioPaging Services
$Millions
Source- 1995 Wireless Directory
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199619
Worldwide Wireless InfrastructureForecast
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
AsiaS. AmericaEuropeN.America
$millions
Source- 1995 Wireless Directory
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199620
US Installed Base of Wireless by Transmission
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(100
0's)
Satellite
SMR/ESMR
Dedicated Dat
Cellular Hybrid
Cellular Packe
BB PCS Hybrid
BB PCS Packe
BB PCS Circui
NarrowbandPCS
Cellular Circuit
US Mobile-Wireless Data: Technology Trends
Each technology choice isdifferent
in terms of performance, price,
and coverage
!
Users
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199621
US Wireless Data Users by Applications
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(100
0's)
Other
Consumer
Mobile Prof Othr
Mobile Prof Sales
Transaction/POS
Telementry
Field Sales
Transportation
Field Service
Public Safety
Vertical Markets
lead
Horizontals follow
US Mobile-Wireless Data: Industry Trends
!
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199622
US Wireless LAN Market Trends
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Misc.
Transportation
Hospitality
Factory f loor
Health care
Education
Mobile Professional
Retail
Warehouse and logistics
Use
rs (
000’
s)
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
RoamAbout PC Cards for PortableDevices
LKG-8880-94f
RadioModule
RoamAboutPCMCIANetworkAdapter
PCMCIAinterfacecard
z High performance, credit card sized, wirelessmodems and attached radio modules
z Available in three variations:� RoamAbout 2.4 GHz frequency hopping (FH)� RoamAbout 2.4 GHz direct sequence (DS)
� RoamAbout 915 MHz direct sequence (DS)*
z Uses inherently secure spread-spectrum RFz No FCC license requiredz Coverage up to 650 ft for 2.4 GHz MHz devices, 800ft for 915MHz devicesz Drivers for any PC network operating systemusing ODI or NDIS network interfacesz Gives wireless users access to wired Ethernetnetworks via RoamAbout Access Point
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 1996
RoamAbout Access Point--- the most robust, reliable and highest-performing wireless bridge in theIndustry
RadioModule
RoamAboutPCMCIANetworkAdapter
PCMCIAinterfacecard
RoamAboutAccess Point
X A superior, full-featured wireless bridge
� Multiple wireless technologies (direct sequence or frequency hopping)
z Multiple frequency bands (2.4 GHz or 915 MHz)
z In-building “cell-to-cell” roaming
� Point-to-point diagnostics � Software upgrade capabilities
� Standard UTP and ThinWire connections
� Network management via SNMP or tools such as HUBwatch
� Local console management port
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199625
The Connectivity Chasm
Enterprise ServersEnterprise Servers
Clients & WorkgroupsClients & Workgroups
“Black Box”“Black Box”
“What customers want is a “black box” - metaphorically speaking -- thatallows them to integrate all of the enterprise resources....The third majorelement of our strategy -- the centerpiece of our efforts and direction--is thawe will commit our resources to solving the ...”black box” connectivityproblems of our customers...”
Bob Palmer, Industry Analyst Briefing, 9/95
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199626
Deal driven Niche marketing
From an Early Market to Main Street
source: Geoffrey Moore
early
majority
late
majorityinnovators
early
adopters laggards
1 2 3
Mass marketing
Mass customization5
4
1- the Early Market
2- the Chasm
3- the Bowling Alley
4- inside the Tornado
5- on Main Street
fad trend solution standardW
e ar
e he
re!
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199627
Outline
• Introduction and Background
• The MoCCA Vision
• Technology Barriers and ResearchOpportunities
• Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199628
The MoCCA Vision
Harness a powerful, wearable communicationsprocessor to high-speed voice and data networks fordistinct vertical markets.
Functions :
• find and connect the user to one or more teammembers or customers via voice and video;
• provide voice- or tactile-based mailbox management(voice mail, e-mail, FAX, etc.);
• handle info./data queries to remote private/publicdatabases;
• manage appointment book, action-item list, etc.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199629
Product Characteristics
• Modularity and compatibility:–wireless earpiece/microphone–wireless and/or wireline docking to PC–compatibility with industry-standard software–PCMCIA-like configuration management
• Displace cell phone, pager, PDA devices
• Network agility among CDPD, CSC, WLAN, etc.;
• As intuitive to learn and use as a cellular phone (?);
• Non-tactile input such as voice.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199630
Product Characteristics (Cont.)
• Physical characteristics:–wearable–weigh less than 16 ounces–normal battery lifecycle of 7 days minimum with
overnight or continuous recharge
• The device should be fashionable and practicalenough to encourage usage.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199631
Program Overview
The program will be driven by blending
real vertical market needs
with
soon-to-market technological innovation
Rapid-prototyping, scenario-based project philosophy,
with Carnegie Mellon University as the enabler.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199632
The Cambridge Research Laboratory(CRL)
• Digital’s primary U.S. East Coast research site
• located near MIT and Harvard
• main focus: applications technology–speech and speaker recognition–video coding–conversational systems–computer vision–distributed systems and scalable computing–Internet applications
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199633
Program Operating Model
• Three facets:–applied research–system prototyping–business development
• Core research group at CRL to advance technologyand pursue specific opportunities;
• Advanced development team will form the nucleusof commercialization teams;
• One technical leader and one business leader.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199634
Outline
• Introduction and Background
• The MoCCA Vision
• Technology Barriers and ResearchOpportunities
• Conclusions and Open Issues
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199635
Developments That Make ThisPossible
• ubiquity of wireless technology from WLAN tosatellite-based;
• emergence of low-power, high-performance RISCmicroprocessors; storage devices, DSPs, etc.;
• innovations in display technology for portability andwearability;
• advent of WWW, popularity of corporate intranets;
• first wave trials and errors of mobile devices.
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199636
Mobile Computing Barrier Areas
• Human Interface–display–input means
• Power/Battery/Display Issues
• Performance (for speech, video)
• Communications Infrastructure
• Form Factor/ Heat Dissipation
• Applications
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199637
Technology Barriers
• Bandwidth, capacity, reliability, latency, coverage,and cost of wide-area networks–protocols for handling data transfers efficiently–caching strategies–security issues–connectivity management in overlay networks–Very-Local Area Networks (BodyLAN) and mobile
WLANs–ad-hoc networking–incorporation of video–new WAN media
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199638
Technology Barriers (Cont.)
• Input limitations for mobile/wearable devices– speech capture, recognition, understanding– speaker identification and verification– handwriting capture and recognition– real-time digital voice multicasting– video
• Architecture– hardware/software architectures for mobile systems– OS design (?)– compilers for low-power devices
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199639
Technology Barriers (Cont.)
• Human-computer interaction–new techniques for mobile I/O: gesture based,
augmented-reality displays
• System design and packaging–form factors for mobile systems (ID group)–wireless headmounted I/O, including video capture
• Applications and user interfaces
TM
2nd IEEE WS on WLANsOct 199640
Outline
• Introduction and Background
• The MoCCA Vision
• Technology Barriers and ResearchOpportunities
• Conclusions and Open Issues
Top Related