A New Trauma Therapy Theory/Research, Demonstration, &
Hands-On Experience Rick Bradshaw, PhD, RPsych Laurie Detwiler, MA,
CCC International Counselling Association & Canadian
Counselling & Psychotherapy Association May 2014
Slide 2
Where did OEI come from? Gendlins Focusing EMDR One Eye at a
Time EMDR newsletter Glitches Brain Gym Lazy 8s
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OEI: What is it used for? Engaging people about their own
internal processes Rapid alteration of emotional & physical
intensity Assessment & treatment of negative transference
Avoidance of, and relief from, panic attacks Overcoming addictions,
self-harm urges Re-ordering the alarm system (stirred up &
stuck)
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5 Building Blocks of OEI Switch Sweep Glitch Massage Glitch
Hold Release Points Level I Techniques Level II Techniques
Video Demo - Switching Switching for alteration of trauma
intensity Case examples: MVA Vividness of Sensory Recall Adult
Lights & Cameras trigger CSA
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Case Examples - Transference Parents & Children Photographs
Partners Mirrors Therapists Group Leaders
Slide 8
The Future of Psychotherapy Brain Therapy (Prochaska &
Norcross, 2010) The burgeoning field of neuroscience will likely
dissolve the gap between mind and brain. It will also require a
whole new way of thinking about, and talking about, how
psychotherapy works (Norcross, Freedheim, & Vandenbos, 2011, p.
755)
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LORETA L Eye Pre-Treatment Right Hippocampal-Dentate Complex
Visual Memory
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LORETA L Eye Post-Treatment Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Facial Recognition
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Now You Try It! Eye Dominance Check Arms Length, Two Fingers
Vertical, Both Eyes Open Line up vertical fingers with straight
edge in distance Without moving fingers, close one eye, then open
it Without moving fingers, close the other eye then open it Which
eye was open when the straight edge was in line?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Many clients report higher levels of shock, fear, & anxiety
with their dominant eyes open (not all those with early onset
abuse)
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Another Eye Dominance Test
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Try This in Pairs Transference Check & Clearance Proximity:
Notice how far away I appear to you Appearance: Notice how I look
to you (color, expression) Body/Emotion: Notice how you feel
physically & emotionally Cognitive Proj: Notice whether it
seems like Im on your side
______________________________________________________ Try sitting,
standing, different people (gender, race, age, etc.) Try moving a
small amount closer, further away, diff. angles
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Social Connection Ventral Vagal Brake On Fight-or- Flight
Ventral Vagal Brake Off (SNS) Freeze Dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC)
Polyvagal Theory Stephen Porges (2001/2007) 3 Response Levels:
Slide 15
Core Trauma vs Dissoc Artefacts CORE TRAUMA
SYMPTOMSDISSOCIATIVE ARTEFACTS Constriction in ThroatHeadaches
& Pressure in the Head Bronchoconstriction in ChestVisual
Distortions, Blocks, & Blurring Nausea or Queasiness in
StomachDizziness, Drowsiness, Loss of Balance Note that all of
these symptoms are experienced in the core of the body (hence CORE
TRAUMA SYMPTOMS) Tingling & Numbness in the Hands, Face, &
Feet Yawning Sinus Pressure
Limbic & Paralimbic Structures The parts of the brain most
involved in producing intense symptoms, like: Panic, flashbacks,
startle response, nausea, and throat or chest constriction Are not
directly affected by talking or listening
Slide 20
Limbic System: Midbrain
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Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
Slide 22
Neurobiology of Attunement Mirror neurons Embodied simulation
Attunement social biofeedback Winnicot Holding Environment
Multigenerational severe early relational trauma insecure
attachments often leads to dissociation (alexithymia &
somatoform dissociation) OEI 200 times a session feedback cycle to
close gap
Slide 23
Coactivation of SNS & PNS I Tonic Immobility =
co-activation of Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
In Freeze response, frequently changing pupil widths and increases
in pulse rate from 60-70 to 110-120 bpm Childhood sexual abuse =
50% Sexual assault victims 35-40 % some immobility 10-12 % extreme
often w opioid-mediated analgesia
Classical Conditioning of Trauma Adrenalin Rush Eye Position
& Movement Stored in Brain
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Ocular Proprioception I Proprioceptors = Nerve cells in muscles
sending signals to the brain about muscle positioning. Exist in
large numbers and high densities in 6 extraocular muscles that
control the movements of each eye & neck. Individual cells fire
in response to eye movements tracking objects. Torsional (curved)
movements emanate from a different area of the brain than
vertical/horizontal eye movements.
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Extra-Ocular Muscles
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Ocular Proprioception Required!
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Occular Proprioception String demo Like pulling out a
sliver
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Vertical Location in Visual Fields
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Ocular proprioception II Intraocular muscles control curve
& thickness of lenses (accommodation) & constriction &
dilation of the pupils. Additional extraocular muscles elevate the
eyelids Psychosensory schemata organize touching, hearing, seeing,
& moving associations into episode-specific patterns, recorded
in the brain, then retrieved & re- mapped when client recalls
constituting glitches).
Slide 32
Video Demo Therapist comments on breathing, reddening of eyes
Glitch massage with distal pulls, and vertical patterns Resolutions
of intensity with Switch & Glitch work
Slide 33
Usually massaging toward the client triggers abuse Sometimes
massaging away triggers abandonment Track across the visual field
until you see a glitch Then move vertically until you see another
halt or skip Then pull out of the centre of that cross-hair ( + )
Keep going until you see a fluttering of the eyes There is often a
concommitant breath release Sometimes there is an emotional release
as well
Slide 34
TargetApplication Technique Glitch Hold with Bilateral
Stimulation Restoration Visual Splitting Clearing Artifact
Titration Intensity
Slide 35
Add Acupressure Points Triple Warmer For Shock: Can You Believe
It? Cold & Hollow Underarm tapping to warm the core Shame,
Shame, Shame Tap side of index finger, even with the bottom of the
fingernail. Opens throat
New Applications & Combinations Process & chemical
addictions, eating disorders (urges) Inner voices, self-loathing,
and self-harming behaviours Peak performance (focus on goals,
target interferences) Dissociative disorders & attachment
difficulties (states) Somatic symptoms (fibromyalgia, MS, PNES,
chronic pain) Combined w language acquisition & accent
reduction Combined w systematic desensitization &
psychodrama
Slide 39
Is there any RCT evidence? Small (N = 10) mixed gender, mixed
trauma Larger (N = 25) women sexually assaulted, with PTSD
Slide 40
First Study of OEI with PTSD Traumas included sexual assault,
attempted homicide by ex- spouse, witnessing suicides, MVAs,
assaults, accidental drug- related death Traumas included sexual
assault, attempted homicide by ex- spouse, witnessing suicides,
MVAs, assaults, accidental drug- related death Random Assignment to
OEI Treatment or delayed treatment Control group, applying only
Switching Random Assignment to OEI Treatment or delayed treatment
Control group, applying only Switching Script-driven symptom
provocation, Control = +2 Exposures Script-driven symptom
provocation, Control = +2 Exposures CAPS and IES-R CAPS and
IES-R
Slide 41
Treatment vs Control: CAPS P = 0.001
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IES-R Avoidance/Numbing P = 0.014
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43
Slide 44
International Counselling Association & Canadian
Counselling & Psychotherapy Association Victoria BC CANADA May,
2014 44
Slide 45
Why Study Trauma? n Many of us are the victims of trauma n
Prevalence: 35% of individuals who observed 9/11 will develop PTSD,
(Yehuda, 2002). n Manzer (2003) Canadian rates of PTSD comparable
to that of Detroit Michigan n Brunello, et al. (2001) agrees with
the prevalent view that some forms of complex PTSD are unremitting
and treatment resistant 45
Slide 46
Past Research n Freud and Breuer n Brewin et al.s (1996) Dual
Representation Theory. SAM and VAM n Identity Formation n Seven
Core Vulnerable Identities n Positive Illusions Replaced n Growth
From Trauma 46
Slide 47
Current Trends in Therapy n Cognitive Behavioural Therapy n Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing n One Eye Integration
Therapy (OEI) n Research on OEI Austin (2003) n Grace (2003) OEI
reduced PTSD symptomatology n Austin (2003) after three hours of
OEI 4 of the 5 participants no longer met the criteria for PTSD
47
Slide 48
Why Research the Process of Recovery? n Limited qualitative
studies research on recovery from PTSD n Fewer long-term follow-up
studies looking at the entire holistic process of recovery from
PTSD n No studies that map out what helps and hinders n Study
demonstrates the long term effectiveness of OEI n Provides
clinicians with rich information that can be used in practice n
Help others who have family members and friends with PTSD 48
Slide 49
Research Questions n What critical incident helped or hindered
in the process of recovery from PTSD? n What event or experience
helped or hindered in the process of recovery from PTSD? n
Follow-up questions which fit well with the method. 49
Slide 50
Validity Reliability n Careful definition of the purpose of the
research n Qualified observers n Final follow up n Independent
judge sorted 25 incidents into the helping and hindering categories
n Inter-rater reliability: 92% agreement between judge and
inter-rater 50
Slide 51
Interpret and Report n 8 people, 6 women and 2 men, ages 28 to
54 (average age 45) n 6 Caucasian, 2 Caucasian & First Nations
n Diagnosed with PTSD in 2003 during a trauma therapy study n
Traumatic incidents ranged from sexual assault, emotional abuse,
and witnessing a death, to car accidents n Range of events and time
since traumatic event 51
Slide 52
Interpret and Report n 194 incidents were elicited, 128 that
were helpful, and 66 that were unhelpful n Sorted into 23
categories, 12 that were helpful, and 11 that were unhelpful (see
handout) 52
Slide 53
Categorical Descriptions (helping) 1. Awareness of Recovery
Coming From Involvement in the trauma therapy study 2. Resources,
including Spirituality, Marital and Family, Financial and Physical
3. Coping Strategies 4. Developing a New and Positive Relationship
with Self 53
Slide 54
Categorical Descriptions (helping) 5. Growth From Trauma 6.
Understanding Your Own Life Experience 7. The Importance of Being
Listened to, Cared For, Validated and Accepted For Who You Are by a
Professional Helper 8. Making Personal Choices to Lead A Healthy
Life 54
Slide 55
Categorical Descriptions (helping) 9. Unexpected Positive
Circumstances 10. Knowing That You Are Not Alone 11. Talking Today
Was Impactful 12. Forgiveness 55
Slide 56
Categorical Descriptions (hindering) 1. Limitations in
Resources 2. ICBC Is An Unhelpful System 3. When Boundaries Fall 4.
Difficulty Coping 56
Slide 57
Categorical Descriptions (hindering) 5. Fear Magnification 6.
The Physical Pain Cycle 7. Harmful Healers 8. Being In Situations
Similar to the Original Trauma 57
Slide 58
Categorical Descriptions (hindering) 9. Unexpected Negative
Circumstances 10. Can Not Forgive Self 11. Sexual Difficulties
58
Slide 59
Final Follow-Up Themes 1. Recovery is a process which includes
more than therapy and all categories are important; however, 2. OEI
was very important in recovery, two said 10/10, average score 8/10
3. Lack of Social Support as a theme, in particular Brewins (2003)
Other as Betraying 4. Other as Abandoning Brewin (2003) 59
Slide 60
Latest Sexual Assault & PTSD Study Comparative Experimental
Treatment Outcome Comparative Experimental Treatment Outcome 1 year
to recruit 137 women, screened to 33, lasted 18 Months from Start
to Finish (25 by end of study), Participants 1 year to recruit 137
women, screened to 33, lasted 18 Months from Start to Finish (25 by
end of study), Participants Quantitative, Qualitative &
Psychophysiological Measures Quantitative, Qualitative &
Psychophysiological Measures
Slide 61
Slide 62
Research Design 20% of women sexually assaulted in lifetimes --
50% = PTSD 20% of women sexually assaulted in lifetimes -- 50% =
PTSD Script-Driven Symptom Provocation: 50-second audio
Script-Driven Symptom Provocation: 50-second audio Random
Assignment to Groups & Therapists within Groups Random
Assignment to Groups & Therapists within Groups Assessors Blind
to Group Assignments Assessors Blind to Group Assignments All
Participants Received Control Condition (B.R.A.I.N.) & Active
Therapy Participants Received 3 sessions - OEI or CPT All
Participants Received Control Condition (B.R.A.I.N.) & Active
Therapy Participants Received 3 sessions - OEI or CPT Credibility
Checks for all Interventions (COTQ) Credibility Checks for all
Interventions (COTQ) Manualized Treatments Manualized
Treatments
Slide 63
Results - CAPS Time: F(2,21) = 49.62, p =.04, 2 =.83
Time*Group: F(4,42) = 2.96, p =.03, 2 =.22 Group: F(2,22) = 1.32, p
=..29, 2 =.11
Slide 64
Results IES-R Numb/Avoid Control Group Cognitive Processing
Therapy * One Eye Integration
Slide 65
Acknowledgements Dr. Marvin McDonald, Dr. Paul Swingle, Dr.
Jose Domene, Kristelle Heinrichs, Dave Grice, Marie Amos, Karen
Williams, Kiloko Ndunda, Jessica Houghton, Jake Khym, Becky
Stewart, Jen McInnes, Darlene Allard, Tanya Bedford, Heather
Bowden, Gillian Drader, Brenda DeVries, Danielle Duplassie, Sandra
Dykstra, Ida Fan, Esther Graham, Maren Heldberg, Nadia Larsen,
Michael Mariano, Beverly Ogden, Steivan Pinoesch, Mandana Sharifi,
Nidhi Sharma, Chris Tse, Dana Vanderwiel, Dawne Visbeek, Melissa
Warren, Linda Gibson, Andrea Busby, Melissa Ducklow, Kwantlen
nurses, TWU UG Psych students. Fahs-Beck Foundation for
Experimental Research New York Community Trust 65
OEI Techniques for Today n Eye Dominance Check & Informed
Consent n SWITCH - Transference Check & Clearance n SWEEP
Dissociative Artefacts n Release Points for Panic Symptoms/Attacks
67
Slide 68
Cross-cultural applications Indonesia: GAM vs Military conflict
& Tsunami expatriates vs locals Massage your brain using your
eyes to lift your heavy heart Gender differences (vulnerable vs
guarded emotions) Korea: Expert professionals fix problems Somatic
symptoms = less loss of face Medical procedures to treat symptoms 1
st Nations: Family members & community share Attending to
quality of relationships Healing broken attachments (RHAP)
Slide 69
Certified Trauma SpecialistCTS Certified Trauma Specialist
(CTS) designation from ATSS Professionals & paraprofessionals
without masters degrees can get OEI training through the
Association of Traumatic Stress Specialists (ATSS) Certified Trauma
Specialist (CTS) Document courses, experience, supervision,
training related to psychological trauma, sent to an ATSS sponsor
for review Go to the ATSS Web site and download the CTS
application:
http://www.atss.info/assets/pdf/FINAL_CTS_APP_1.24.12.pdf
http://www.atss.info/assets/pdf/FINAL_CTS_APP_1.24.12.pdf
Slide 70
More Info on OEI Visit our Web site for FAQ videos, books,
seminars, resources, memberships, Web site listing of clinicians,
research summaries, information on OEI publications
www.sightpsychology.com