National Earth Observation Group
A National Space Policy: Views from the Earth Observation Community
A N AT I O N A L S PA C E P O L I C Y: V I E W S F R O M T H E E A R T H O B S E RVAT I O N C O M M U N I T Y
Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Minister for Resources and Energy: The Hon. Martin Ferguson, AM MP Secretary: Mr Drew Clarke
Geoscience Australia Chief Executive Officer: Dr Chris Pigram
© Commonwealth of Australia, 2010
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Cover image: Surface reflectance image of Australia in May 2010 using a 16 day composite from MODIS (Geoscience Australia)
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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
1. Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
3. State of Australian Earth Observations from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
3.1. Federal and State programs dependent on EOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
3.2. Economic assessment of EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
4. Seventh National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) and distributors meeting 9
4.1. Recommendations of the Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1 High risk classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.2 Medium risk classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.3 Low risk classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3. Mitigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Appendix A. Drafting Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Appendix B: Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting, Canberra, Friday 19 February 2010, delegates: 17
7. Appendix C: References and reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Appendix D: Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observation . . . . . . . . . 19
Table of Contents
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2
Landsat 5 image of Canberra and Lake George from 7 April 2009
1. Executive summaryAustralia has been receiving Earth Observations from Space (EOS) for over 50 years. Meteorological imagery dates from 1960 and Earth observation imagery from 1979. Australia has developed world-class scientific, environmental and emergency management EOS applications. However, in the top fifty economies of the world, Australia is one of only three nations which does not have a space program. The satellites on which Australia depends are supplied by other countries which is a potential problem due to Australia having limited control over data continuity and data access.
The National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) was established by Geoscience Australia as an advisory panel in 2004. It represents a cross-section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide Geoscience Australia with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing. In February 2009 the NRSTRG met for a day specifically to discuss Australia’s reliance on EOS, with a view to informing the development of space policy. This report is the outcome of that meeting.
Australia has some 92 programs dependent on EOS data. These programs are concerned with environmental issues, natural resource management, water, agriculture, meteorology, forestry, emergency management, border security, mapping and planning. Approximately half these programs have a high dependency on EOS data. While these programs are quite diverse there is considerable overlap in the technology and data.
Of Australia’s EOS dependent programs 71 (77%) are valued between $100,000 and $10 million and 82 (89%) of all these programs have a medium or high dependency on EOS data demonstrating Australia’s dependency on space based imaging.
Earth observation dependencies within currently active Federal and state government programs are calculated to be worth just over $949 million, calculated by weighting the level of dependency on EOS for each program. This includes two programs greater than $100 million in scale and one program greater than a billion dollars in scale.
This document is intended as a summary of Australia’s current space and Earth observation dependencies, compiled by the NRSTRG, to be presented to the Federal Government’s Space Policy Unit, a section of the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, as an aid to space policy formation.
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2. BackgroundAustralia is a major user of, and beneficiary from, space-based Earth observation. However, Australia is one of only three exceptions in a list of the top fifty national economies, ranked by the World Bank, which do not have their own space program. Despite this, some seventy Federal and State organisations and agencies receive and make regular use of Earth observation and remote sensing instruments, on satellites launched by the United States, Japan, India, China, Korea, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Nigeria and the European Commission. Geoscience Australia, CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology operate numerous satellite receiving stations and process this data for internal uses or for delivery to external public and private users.
The Australian Academies of Science and Technological Sciences and Engineering jointly released an Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space in 2009, seeking to outline the collective vision and aspirations of the space science community in Australia.
“Earth Observations from Space (EOS) are the single most important and richest source of environmental information for Australia. They enable a wide range of essential services to be given to the community, with multi-billion annual benefits to the nation as a whole.”1
Paradoxically, while Australia is one of the world’s most sophisticated users of Earth Observations from Space (EOS), achieving excellent outcomes in land, water and disaster management, it is also uniquely vulnerable. The Australian EOS community relies heavily on international providers; in some cases, these facilities are fully operational and there is a low probability of failure. However, in many instances there are significant risks which are often outside Australia’s control2. Australian agencies depend on space capabilities, including satellites, sensors and ground stations, which may fail, be discontinued, or simply become unavailable.3 Given the fundamental nature of the EOS data stream removal of single points of failure within this system is essential to build resilience and avoid foreseeable and cascading consequences.
Geoscience Australia’s (GA) National Earth Observation group, formerly the Australian Centre for Remote Sensing (ACRES), has been in the business of acquiring, processing and distributing satellite data since the creation of the Australian Landsat Station (ALS) in October 1979. The first formal distributor meeting of ACRES was held in November 1992. This forum continues to discuss the distribution of satellite data through the Australian spatial sector using a network of licensed distributors. The National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) was established in 2004 by ACRES. This group represents a cross section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide GA with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing.
The first of the Landsat satellite series was launched in July 1972 and data has been recorded over Australia by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) since then. The newest in this series of remote sensing satellites is Landsat 7 launched on 15 April 1999.
1 An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space, ATSE 2009, p.1
2 The Status of Public-Good Remote Sensing in Australia, Geoscience Australia , 2006
3 An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space, ATSE 2009, p.25
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Australian acquisition of Landsat data began in October 1979 through the Australian Landsat Station (ALS). The ALS later became Australian Centre for Remote Sensing (ACRES) in October 1986 when it arranged for data from other satellites to be received. ACRES was integrated into GA in 2003 before being renamed the National Earth Observation group (NEO) in 2009. In this time GA has archived nearly every Australian Landsat image taken by the satellite since the establishment of ALS. GA continues to receive and archive data from the Landsat series and other satellites on a daily basis. There is a significant reliance on Landsat 5 and 7 data by local, state and national agencies4. Landsat 5, which originally had a design life of three years, has been providing high quality imagery for more than a quarter of a century. Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will be launched in December 2012; while Landsat-7 continues to provide extremely stable, very well calibrated image data, many years beyond its five-year operational life expectancy. In 2003 Landsat-7 suffered the failure of the scan-line corrector, which caused some diminution of the satellite’s capacity.
As part of GA’s contingency plan for Landsat-5 failure the organisation is receiving as much data from the Indian Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) as possible. Unfortunately, because of duty cycle limitations, IRS-P6 is not able to provide reliable coverage and it is now envisaged Landsat-7 will be the primary fall-back should Landsat-5 fail.
The most optimistic estimation of the Landsat-5 lifespan calculated by the USGS is that it may last until early 2013. However, Landsat 5 has no remaining back up systems and is operating on a reduced duty cycle due to technical limitations. The impact of this is being reduced by prioritising the acquisition of images according to quality and need. Power limitations are also reducing Landsat-5’s capacity to record images of Australia to southern Australia during winter months.
Geoscience Australia was appointed the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Oceania Data Node (ADN) for acquisition and distribution of ALOS data, a Japanese government satellite. This role ends and access to ALOS data will be limited from January 2011 after the current MOU expires. Due to policy changes GA will be considered a commercial user of ALOS data, and as a result it will not continue as the ADN and will be required to pay commercial prices for more than 50 scenes of data in any given year. There may be scope to source similar data from other space agencies, but no arrangements are in place.
National programs such as meteorology, bushfire detection and monitoring of floods, land cover, ocean and the atmosphere rely heavily on coarse resolution data streams. These are currently supplied by the MODIS sensor onboard the NASA-operated Aqua and Terra satellites. These data streams are down-linked directly by GA, BoM, the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and the Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium5 (WASTAC). Delays in follow-on missions particularly the US NPP and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) missions increase the likelihood of a data gap in Australian coarse resolution applications with the current End of Life of both Aqua and Terra satellites on 30 September 20116.
4 Phinn, S.R., Held, A. Danaher, T. and Roelfsema, C.M. (2008) Australia’s Environmental Monitoring Information Needs for a Multi-spectral,
Moderate Spatial Resolution Imaging Satellite Program. In: Proceedings of the 14th AustralAsian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference,
Darwin, September 2008.
5 WASTAC : Bureau of Meteorology; Landgate; Curtin University of Technology; CSIRO; Murdoch University; Geoscience Australia
6 Earth Observation Handbook, CEOS, May 2010, http://www.eohandbook.com/
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The cost, availability and quality of data from commercial sensors, such as the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMCii) and SPOT, are also being investigated. Commercial imagery products and services are used by large numbers of government agencies for environmental, national security and compliance monitoring. However, the specific purchases of each agency are not visible to other agencies, which can lead to wasteful duplication. Two states (Queensland and New South Wales) have already established commercial whole-of-state imagery acquisitions and processing to support legislated monitoring and management that have previously been completely reliant on Landsat imagery. Western Australia also has a legislative mandate for monitoring but currently the business case for using imagery has not been adopted.
Recognising the increasing role of commercial satellites, in August 2005 the Secretaries’ Committee on National Security (SCNS) directed GA and the Defence Imagery Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) to establish an Inter-Departmental Committee (IDC) capable of providing advice on the use of commercial satellite technology in Australian Government. The IDC for Commercial Satellite Capabilities (IDC-CSC) met for the first time on March 10 2006 at GA. The committee is co-chaired by the DIGO and GA.
To help address some of the issues associated with commercial satellite imagery GA and DIGO are undertaking a joint project to develop a cooperative procurement panel called Optical, Geospatial, Radar and Elevation data and services (OGRE) panel. This will allow clustering between agencies at multiple levels of government, and enable such groups to access a panel of suppliers of imagery data and services.
This capability will allow:
1. development of an archive of commercial imagery at Geoscience Australia to service government;
2. development of a coordinated, streamlined and cost-effective approach to purchasing of imagery within Australian government through an active ‘community of practice’;
3. access to imagery under flexible licence and copyright conditions, allowing wide usage of data and imagery within all levels of government; and
4. greater governance and transparency of the usage of commercial imagery data and services within government.
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3. State of Australian Earth Observations from Space
3.1 Federal and State programs dependent on EOS
The NRSTRG Drafting Group7 assessed current Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observations from Space (EOS). This process involved a detailed desktop study, a review of similar studies and consultation with NRSTRG attendees and distributor delegates.
This review aims to capture all programs using EOS data and includes more than three quarters of current programs within all levels of government. Defence and national security programs were not included.
35 Federal programs and 57 State or Territory programs were assessed. Federal programs ranged from the very small program run by the Australian Electoral Commission, rated at less than $100 000 with a ‘low’ dependency on EOS (but supplying “essential” electoral data); to the three major federal programs each costing more than $100 million: Caring for our Country, a $2 billion Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) program with a ‘medium’ dependency rating; the National Carbon Accounting System (NCAS), accounting for greenhouse emissions from land-based activities and the National Carbon Accounting Toolbox (NCAT), operated by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE) and CSIRO (‘high’); and the multi-agency $273 million International Forest Carbon Initiative (IFCI) operated by DCCEE in partnership with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), CSIRO, AusAID and GA. This IFCI program uses satellite observations to help build capacity and support inclusion of REDD8 in a post-2012 global climate change agreement; and to provide details of forest extent and biomass estimation in forestry partnerships with neighbouring countries of South East Asia. This program has a high level of dependency on EOS, and contributes to numerous foreign policy, international development and environmental objectives. It is likely to expand to include coverage of most SE Asian countries in the near future.
The newly established federal government TERN (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network) has a $5 million earth observation component, to deliver standardised national scale EOS products and validation sources for terrestrial environments. The marine version of this program, IMOS (Integrated Marine Observing System) is an established $50 million program delivering physical and biological information of Australian offshore waters from EOS and in-situ measurements.
The type of data used by these programs was also considered, with 82 programs (89%) using optical data and twelve programs (13%) using radar data. 52 programs (57%) were dependent on the Landsat series of satellites and 34 programs (37%) were dependent on the MODIS sensor operating on the Aqua and Terra satellites, both of which are operated by the United States.
A defining characteristic of all programs is the level of dependency on EO capabilities. This was itself defined as being the practical importance of Earth observation science to the overall functioning of the program: could the program function in the absence of satellite observation? Is Earth observation an ‘optional extra’ to the functioning of a given program? Is remote sensing an essential component of the program?
A second defining characteristic is the scale of the program, stated in dollars for the life of the program as a convenient and easily compared measure. 82 of Australia’s 92 programs requiring EOS (89%) fall into the ‘medium’ to ‘high’ reliance categories9. When considering the total value of programs involving EOS, 71 programs (77%) are valued between $100,000 and $10m.
While there is considerable overlap in function of the various programs, it is estimated that of the 59 programs (64%) in the ‘high’ dependency category, almost half are concerned with environmental issues, natural resource management, and water. Five programs each are concerned with agriculture/forestry (including IFCI), bushfires/emergencies, and mapping/planning, two with mining, and four each with forensic issues including border security, compliance, and taxation evaluation; and climate change and weather (including the Bureau of Meteorology, concerned with all aspects of national weather and climate, and being highly dependent on EOS).
7 NRSTRG Drafting Group, Appendix A, p 18
8 REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
9 See also National Remote Sensing Data Requirements – Gaps and Opportunities for ACRES, Athena Global, 2006, p.11
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Less than $100,000
$100,000 - $1,000,000
$1,000,000 - $10,000,000
$10,000,000 - $100,000,000
$100,000,000 - $1 billion
Greater than $1 billion
Num
ber
of p
rogr
ams
Summary of Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observation
High
Medium
Low
In the ‘medium’ dependency category, this pattern is repeated, with 12 of the 22 programs being concerned with environment, water and NRM, three concerned with agriculture, three with mapping and planning, two with bushfire and emergency, one with forensic/compliance and one with climate change. Notably Caring for our Country with a budget of more than $1bn falls within the ‘medium’ category.
Summary of Australian Federal and State EO Program Spending
Scale Low Medium High Total
Less than $100,000 1 2 8 11
$100,000 - $1,000,000 3 6 26 35
$1,000,000 - $10,000,000 4 12 20 36
$10,000,000 - $100,000,000 2 2 3 7
$100,000,000 - $1 billion 0 0 2 2
Greater than $1 billion 0 1 0 1
Total 10 23 59 92
Table 1: Australian Programs dependent on Earth Observation
By using the minimum of each of the scale categories and multiplying these values by the program dependency (1= High, 2/3=Medium, 1/3=Low) we can calculate a conservative minimum financial value of Earth Observation dependencies within currently active Federal and state government programs. For example, the entire IFCI program is $273m, which puts it within the $100m-$1bn range; ‘high’ dependency means that, multiplied by one, there is a financial dependency of $100m for the IFCI program. Using this conservative approach for all 92 programs brings the total dependency of government programs of EOS to just over $949m.
Figure 1: Australian programs dependent on Earth Observation
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8
This review can be expected to change in the future, as climate change and sea level rise assume more importance, affecting agriculture, emergency and disaster management, infrastructure, marine resources and inland water. At the same time, risks and mitigations (including the failure or reduced availability of existing systems, and their potential replacements) have been identified and are enumerated below in Section 4.2.
Results of the review are tabulated in Appendix A.
3.2 Economic assessment of EOS
In addition to this review, GA and the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRC-SI) have commissioned an economic assessment of the EOS field.
This review will be undertaken by ACIL Tasman to:
1. Estimate the direct and indirect economic value of space based Earth Observation activities to the Australian Community in 2008-09.
2. Determine the direct and indirect economic impact of an unplanned denial of all Earth Observation data to the Australian economy in 2008-09
3. Estimate the size of the EOS industry, particularly SME, sector in 2008-09.
4. Identify contemplated large scale government applications of Earth Observation data and estimate their direct and indirect economic value.
This economic review will be undertaken in addition to similar reviews being undertaken by the Space Policy Unit, and is intended to ensure that an economic assessment is undertaken with specific knowledge of the complexity related to economically valuing data. The direct economic value of EOS (or data more generally) may be quite small in comparison to the impact it creates because data is used for purposes other than simply its collection.
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The terms of reference of the NRSTRG are:
• toprovideinputtoandadviseontechnicalanddeliveryissuesassociatedwithreceptionanduseof public good satellite imagery in Australia
• toprovideinputandadviceonstrategicissuesconcerningaccessto,andfuturerequirementsfor,remotely sensed imagery, such as future applications and upcoming earth observation missions.
The group provides:
• adviceontechnicalandstrategicremotesensingissuesinanationalandinternationalcontext;
• inputintothedevelopmentofGAstrategicandcontingencyplansthroughaforumforconsultationand liaison on remote sensing issues on a technical level and identification of related policy implications.
4. Seventh National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) and distributors meetingThe seventh meeting of the NRSTRG was held in Canberra in February 2010. Present at the meeting were representatives of Geoscience Australia’s National Earth Observation Group, private sector distributors of satellite data, operators of space infrastructure, researchers in the EOS field and high level delegates from the Federal and state agencies in the EOS field.
The NRSTRG represents a cross section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide GA with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing.
The meeting and subsequent discussion identified a number of high level risks to the future of the EOS field in Australia, together with appropriate mitigations, and the meeting came to a series of resolutions. Recommendations, risks and mitigations are listed below.
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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
4.1 Recommendations of the Seventh NRSTRG and distributors’ meeting
The seventh NRSTRG and distributors’ meeting raised a list of general points of consensus; this list was developed through consultation with the drafting group and the meeting delegates. Following this consultation the following recommendations were created which reflect the consensus of the Earth observation community.
Related to space infrastructure the meeting recommended:
1. that Australia maintain access to an operational moderate resolution data stream for Australia and the region;
1. that access to an all-weather (SAR), 24-hour operational imaging capability is ensured; Australia is well placed for the development of new applications in this field;
2. on-going atmospheric observations to assist in the correction of imagery;
3. further cooperation to ensure that successful sensor fusion, particularly the merging of satellite and airborne datasets, will increase;
4. influencing satellite providers to ensure access to new science missions, and emphasised the importance of integrating short-term science missions into existing and new applications; and
5. developing stronger ties between civilian and defence EOS usage, particularly with reference to dual civilian/defence use of any Australian capability.
Related to ground infrastructure the meeting recommended:
1. urgently and substantially upgrading Australia’s ground communications infrastructure and broadband networks, particularly for Near Real Time (NRT) applications such as emergency response;
2. creating stronger links between current and planed ground reception stations and working towards a national ground station network to reduce duplicate acquisitions;
3. a mechanism for working with satellite providers to coordinate the introduction of technologies such as relay satellites and virtual ground stations;
4. the development of an operational calibration and validation network based on existing sites required for EOS applications as well as to influencing future science missions; and
5. developing ongoing participation in a global initiative for standardised calibration targets
Related to data processing the meeting recommended:
1. moving towards national geometric, radiometric and biophysical standards to simplify inter sensor comparison to increase the resilience of EOS applications and ensuring sensor continuity;
2. recognition of the critical role of satellite calibration and derived-product validation in EOS, benchmarked against international calibration standards such as those by CEOS;
3. ensuring that national standards for EOS conform with international standards set by the international Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS);
4. adopting ANZLIC and ISO 19115-2 metadata standards as the national standard for EOS; and
5. subject to agreement by the three main Landsat processing teams (GA/CSIRO, SLATS, NCAS-CSIRO) that the Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS) be adopted as the standard processing system for the Landsat satellite series.
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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Calibration and validation field work at Lake Frome during February 2009 carried out between CSIRO, Geoscience Australia, Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), the Chinese Academy of Science (CSA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Related to data delivery the meeting recommended:
1. on improved government access to commercial EOS datasets; and
2. funding data custodianship to reduce barriers to access of EOS data including inflexible licencing, excessive pricing, usage of proprietary data formats and products delivered using specifications which limit access to expert users.
Related to governance the meeting recommended:
1. developing stronger links with the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) and the Intergovernmental Group on Earth Observation (GEO);
2. development of stronger links with and between major EOS players within the jurisdictions;
3. on the need to increase governance in EOS field particularly related to:
a. the government procurement of commercial imagery; b. coordination of ground stations; c. development of a national calibration and validation network and d. development of standards for EOS data processing.
4. developing stronger formal links with the Australian space policy community.
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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
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solu
tion
sens
ors
is
subs
tant
ial d
ue to
the
lack
of
redu
ndan
t pro
gram
s
Hig
hFe
eds
to th
e m
ajor
ity o
f go
vern
men
t EO
S ap
plic
atio
ns
wou
ld c
ease
3Sk
ills
and
staf
f sho
rtag
eIn
abili
tyto
sou
rce
requ
ired
ski
llsa
nds
taff,
for
exam
ple
rem
ote
sens
ing
and
imag
e pr
oces
sing
spe
cial
ists
Hig
h
Ther
e is
a h
igh
likel
ihoo
d of
th
is r
isk,
bec
ause
ther
e ar
e no
t eno
ugh
stud
ents
rec
eivi
ng
high
qua
lity
EO/im
age
proc
essi
ng q
ualif
icat
ions
Med
ium
Lim
ited
capa
city
to r
ealis
e th
e po
tent
ial o
f EO
dat
a to
pro
vide
dec
isio
n/po
licy
supp
ort i
nfor
mat
ion
4Po
or g
roun
d in
fras
truc
ture
Failu
re o
f fun
dam
enta
l inf
rast
ruct
ure
to s
ervi
ce r
equi
rem
ents
, fo
rex
ampl
eco
mm
unic
atio
nsin
fras
truc
ture
Hig
h
Ther
e ar
e al
read
y in
stan
ces
whe
re fu
ndam
enta
l in
frast
ruct
ure
is fa
iling
to m
eet
serv
ice
requ
irem
ents
(Alic
e Sp
rings
-Can
berr
a da
ta li
nk)
Hig
h
The
timel
ines
of d
ata
deliv
ery
(late
ncy)
are
com
prom
ised
, le
adin
g to
del
ayed
del
iver
y of
dat
a.T
his
isa
cri
tical
bo
ttlen
eck
duri
ng e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se s
cena
rios
Tabl
e 2:
Hig
h le
vel r
isks
for
the
Aus
tral
ian
Eart
h O
bser
vatio
n Se
ctor
4.2
Ris
ks
4.2.
1 H
igh
ris
k cl
assi
fica
tio
n
13
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
4.2.
2 M
ediu
m r
isk
clas
sifi
cati
on
Ris
k N
o.
Ris
k t
itle
Det
aile
d r
isk
an
d e
xam
ple
sLi
kel
iho
od
va
lue
Lik
elih
oo
d
des
crip
tio
nC
on
seq
uen
ce
valu
eC
on
seq
uen
ce
Des
crip
tio
n
5Po
litic
al c
onst
rain
s le
ad
to d
enia
l of E
O d
ata
Inab
ility
to s
ecur
e pu
blic
goo
d sa
telli
te im
ager
y fr
om fo
reig
n go
vern
men
ts.C
hang
eso
fgov
ernm
enta
nd/o
rgo
vern
men
tpo
licy
can
lead
toc
hang
esin
dat
aav
aila
bilit
y.F
ore
xam
ple
ongo
ing
acce
ss to
the
ALO
S re
sear
ch s
atel
lite
is d
ue to
end
in
Janu
ary
2011
due
tor
ecen
tpol
icy
deci
sion
sin
Japa
n
Med
ium
In th
e cu
rren
t eco
nom
ic
clim
ate
gove
rnm
ent f
unde
d EO
S m
issi
ons
are
likel
y to
be
del
ayed
or
give
n gr
eate
r co
mm
erci
al fo
ci
Med
ium
Gov
ernm
ent f
unde
d EO
S da
ta
is n
o lo
nger
ava
ilabl
e
6In
abili
ty to
fund
co
mm
erci
al d
ata
Inab
ility
tor
esou
rce
capt
ure
ofc
omm
erci
alE
OS
data
str
eam
s.
The
cost
con
tinen
tal c
over
age
from
com
mer
cial
mod
erat
e re
solu
tion
sate
llite
s (S
POT,
DM
Cii
and
sim
ilar)
are
qua
nta
mor
eex
pens
ive
than
trad
ition
alg
over
nmen
tfun
ded
EOS
data
su
cha
sLa
ndsa
t.
Ver
y H
igh
The
high
cos
t of c
omm
erci
al
sate
llite
imag
ery
mea
ns th
at
it is
hig
hly
likel
y th
at th
e co
st o
f Lan
dsat
equ
ival
ent
(16
day
revi
sit,
cont
inen
tal
cove
rage
) obs
erva
tions
will
be
una
ccep
tabl
e.R
isk
leve
lis
hig
h
Med
ium
The
EO d
ata
acqu
isiti
on
freq
uenc
y w
ould
dro
p
7In
abili
ty to
acc
ess
key
EO d
ata
requ
ired
for
Aus
tral
ian
envi
ronm
ent
Inab
ility
to a
cces
s sp
ecifi
c se
nsin
g ca
pabi
litie
s sp
ecifi
cally
th
erm
ala
ndS
WIR
dat
a.T
hese
two
type
sof
dat
aha
veu
niqu
ese
nsin
g ca
pabi
litie
s w
hich
are
impo
rtan
ce fo
r un
ders
tand
ing
the
Aus
tral
ian
envi
ronm
ent
Hig
h
Thes
e da
ta s
trea
ms
are
only
cur
rent
ly a
vaila
ble
at
mod
erat
e re
solu
tion
from
La
ndsa
t (hi
gh r
isk
of fa
ilure
an
d/or
com
prom
ised
dat
a qu
ality
) or
avai
labl
e fr
om
MO
DIS
(non
ope
ratio
nal)
Med
ium
Man
y sc
ienc
e ap
plic
atio
ns
for
exam
ple
biop
hysi
cal
estim
ates
of p
rope
rtie
s su
ch
as e
vapo
tran
spir
atio
n an
d gr
ound
cov
er w
ould
be
seve
rely
com
prom
ised
8In
abili
ty to
sou
rce
oper
atio
nal a
ll-w
eath
er
EO (R
adar
) dat
a st
ream
s
Lack
ofa
nap
prop
riat
eR
AD
AR
sat
ellit
eca
pabi
lity.
Met
hods
ca
nnot
be
oper
atio
nalis
ed w
ithou
t an
oper
atio
nal d
ata
sour
ceM
ediu
m
The
curr
ent o
bser
vatio
ns
stra
tegi
es o
f rad
ar s
enso
rs
do n
ot m
eet o
pera
tiona
l re
quir
emen
ts, t
here
fore
the
risk
is h
igh
Hig
h
Una
ble
to a
naly
se a
n al
l-w
eath
er d
ata
stre
am
for
emer
genc
y an
d N
RM
pu
rpos
es
9In
abili
ty to
eng
age
new
co
mm
erci
al E
O p
laye
rs
EO h
as b
ecom
e m
ore
affo
rdab
le p
artic
ular
ly w
ith th
e ad
vent
of
mic
ro s
atel
lites
and
hen
ce th
e pr
opor
tion
of c
omm
erci
al
sate
llite
sto
pub
licg
ood
sate
llite
sha
sin
crea
sed
dram
atic
ally
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,w
hile
stil
lcon
trib
utin
gto
ESA
,Eur
opea
nag
enci
es s
uch
as D
LR a
nd A
SI a
re d
rivin
g m
ore
and
mor
e in
depe
nden
t mis
sion
s su
ch a
s Te
rraS
AR
-X a
nd C
OSM
O-
SkyM
ed.
Hig
hTh
e in
crea
sed
com
mer
cial
isat
ion
of s
pace
is
inev
itabl
eM
ediu
mLo
ss o
f dat
a an
d re
duce
d ab
ility
to in
fluen
ce n
ew
mis
sion
s
Tabl
e 3:
Med
ium
leve
l ris
ks fo
r th
e A
ustr
alia
n Ea
rth
Obs
erva
tion
Sect
or
14
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
4.2.
3 Lo
w r
isk
clas
sifi
cati
on
Ris
k N
o.
Ris
k t
itle
Det
aile
d r
isk
an
d e
xam
ple
sLi
kel
iho
od
va
lue
Lik
elih
oo
d d
escr
ip-
tio
nC
on
seq
uen
ce
valu
eC
on
seq
uen
ce D
e-sc
rip
tio
n
10In
abili
ty to
acc
ess
new
rem
ote
sens
ing
tech
nolo
gies
New
tech
nolo
gies
suc
h as
GR
AC
E (g
ravi
ty),
SMO
S (m
icro
wav
e), D
ESD
YN
Y (s
pace
bor
ne L
IDA
R),
Hys
pIR
I (h
yper
spec
tral
), an
d Se
ntin
el 3
(RA
DA
R a
ltim
etry
) are
fu
ndam
enta
l to
the
scie
nce
com
mun
ity, i
n or
der
to d
evel
op
new
pro
duct
sto
mee
texi
stin
gan
dem
ergi
ngp
olic
yre
quir
emen
ts
Low
Thes
e m
issi
ons
are
curr
ently
pl
anne
d bu
t fun
ding
to th
ese
mis
sion
s is
not
sec
ure
Low
Aus
tral
ian
EO s
cien
ce
com
mun
ity lo
ses
touc
h w
ith s
tate
of t
he a
rt s
cien
ce
appl
icat
ions
11Se
vere
cos
mol
ogic
al o
r El
ectr
o-M
agne
tric
Pul
se
(EM
P) e
vent
Due
to s
ever
e co
smol
ogic
al e
vent
suc
h as
sol
ar b
urst
or
EMP
gene
rate
d th
roug
h a
nucl
ear
deto
natio
n in
spa
ce a
cces
s to
all
sate
llite
dat
a co
uld
ceas
eV
ery
low
Ther
e ar
e nu
mer
ous
EO
plat
form
s.T
her
isk
of
sim
ulta
neou
s fa
ilure
of a
ll EO
sy
stem
s is
slig
ht
Ver
y H
igh
No
acce
ss to
any
EO
dat
a
Tabl
e 4:
Low
leve
l ris
ks fo
r th
e A
ustr
alia
n Ea
rth
Obs
erva
tion
Sect
or
15
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
4.3 Mitigations
Mitigations Risks
Development of EOS skills in Australia: encourage/support tertiary institutions to create more EO (physics, mathematics, spatial analysis and applications of EO data)degreeswhichprovidethefundamentalknowledge,skillsandexperienceinundergraduateandpostgraduateprograms.Thismustincludeindustryplacementinrelevantorganisations.DevelopmentofanappropriateeducationpathwayintheEOSfield.AttractEO/imageprocessingexpertsfromoverseas
1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10
Development of EOS infrastructure: invest in infrastructure to ensure that it is capable ofservicingexistingandfutureneeds
1, 3, 4, 8, 10
ESA Sentinel program: seek to establish formal collaborations and ground support activities with ESA at multiple levels to ensure that data from Sentinel are available and suitableforAustralianneeds.EngageactivelywiththeSentinel-2,-3programs.
1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10
Influence Japanese data policy: seektoinfluencethegovernmentofJapantorecognise the critical need for public-good data and ensure that current and future ALOS missions are available for public-good uses and suitable for Australian needs
1, 5, 7, 8, 10
International engagement with EOS field: source public good imagery from multiple internationalagencies(distributetherisk).MaintaincloseliaisonwithrelevantinternationalpartnersandcoordinationmechanismssuchasGEO.
1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Links with private sector: engage with commercial EO operators 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
NASA LDCM mission: Ensure access to comparable observations from the LandsatDataContinuityMission(LDCM).EngageactivelywiththeLDCMprogramthrough formal collaborations and ground support activities such as calibration and validation services
1, 2, 5, 7, 10
NASA NPP/JPSS program:SupporttheNASA/NOAANPP/JPSSsystemdevelopmentand ensure that data produced are suitable for Australian needs
1, 2, 5, 7, 10
Promote the future of EOS in Australia: Promote the importance of future science programs within international forums particularly involving the European Commission, theUnitedStatesJapanandotherAsiancountrieswithactiveEOSprograms.
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Study and communicate value of EOS: Ongoing analysis and communication of the sizeandvalueoftheEOSfield.IdentifyanEOSobservationstrategythatmeetstheneeds of all key stakeholders and fits within the available budget
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Take a Whole of Government approach to EOS: Identify an EOS strategy which meets the needs of all key stakeholders such as the recent international trend towards treatingdataasinfrastructure.Supportinitiativeswhichclusteracquisitionbudgetstoallowfornegotiationofeconomiesofscalewithcommercialimageryproviders.
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Table 5: Mitigations for the Australian Earth Observation Sector
Note: Risk 11 (Severe cosmological or Electro-Magnetric Pulse (EMP) event) remains untreated.
16
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
5. Appendix A. Drafting GroupThe NRSTRG meeting decided that Geoscience Australia should create an initial draft of a document with the working title The Earth Observation community’s inputs to a National Space Policy. This document was then drafted through a working group made up of:
Adam Lewis, Geoscience Australia
Alex Held, CSIRO
Christian Witte, Department of Environment and Resource Management, QLD
David Hudson, Geoscience Australia
James Cameron, Department for Environment and Heritage, SA
John White, Department of Sustainability and Environment, VIC
Mark Fenotti, Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research
Matt Adams, Landgate, WA
Neil Bennett, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW
Stuart Phinn, University of Queensland
Nick Goldie, Geoscience Australia
17
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
6. Appendix B: Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting, Canberra, Friday 19 February 2010, delegates:
Australian Government delegates:
Lucy Randall Bureau of Rural Sciences
Alexander Held CSIRO
Gary Palmer Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation
Shanti Reddy Department of Climate Change
Michele Clement Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research
Mark Fenotti Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research
Simon Oliver Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
Renee Bartolo Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
Adam Lewis (Chair) Geoscience Australia
Stuart Barr Geoscience Australia
Wenjun Wu Geoscience Australia
Medhavy Thankappan Geoscience Australia
David Hudson Geoscience Australia
Luke Piotrowicz Geoscience Australia
Mike Pasfield Geoscience Australia
Luci Knight Geoscience Australia
Leo Lymburner Geoscience Australia
Sandra Browne Geoscience Australia
Rosalyn Pereira Geoscience Australia
Jurisdictional delegates:
James Cameron Department for Environment and Heritage, SA
Christian Witte Department of Environment and Resource Management, QLD
Tim Danaher Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW
Neil Bennett Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW
John White Department of Sustainability and Environment, VIC
David Abernethy Land and Property Management Authority, NSW
Matt Adams Landgate, WA
Ken Dawbin Landgate, WA
Private sector delegates:
Max Bye Geoimage
Rob Lees Spot Image
Other delegates:
Gypsy Bhalla Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute
Stuart Phinn University of Queensland
18
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
7. Appendix C: References and readingAthena Global, Forging a National Remote Sensing Strategy, Geoscience Australia, 2006
Athena Global, National Remote Sensing Data Requirements – Gaps and Opportunities for ACRES, Athena Global, 2006
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observation from Space, Australian Academy of Science 2009
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences, A Space Policy for Australia, AATS, 1985
Australian Space Council, Five-year Plan Working Group Reports, Australian Space Office, 1994
Chapman G., Space A Priority for Australia, Australian Senate, 2005
CEOS, Earth Observation Handbook, ESA, May 2010, http://www.eohandbook.com/
Commonwealth Interdepartmental Committee on Spatial Data Access and Pricing, Spatial Data Access and Pricing, AUSLIG, 2001
Corporate GIS Consultants, GIS/Spatial Survey Contributor’s Report 2006/07, Corporate GIS Consultants Australia Pty Ltd, 2007
CRC for Spatial Information, The Value of Spatial Information, ACIL Tasman, 2008
Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Remote Sensing Business Analysis, DEWHA, 2008
Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, An Integrated National Space Program, DITAC 1992
Edgecombe S., Review of the Role and Position of the Australian Centre for Remote Sensing, Geoscience Australia, 2004
Geoscience Australia, Market Trends for National Mapping Division Products 2003, Product Management Group (GA), 2004
Geoscience Australia, Results of Survey on Spatial Enablement of Australian Government, Office of Spatial Data Management, 2007
Jacobs Australia, Inventory of Commercial Satellite Users Within Government, Geoscience Australia, A 2008
Lewis A., Reddy S., The Status of Public Good Remote Sensing in Australia, Geoscience Australia, 2006
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Survey and Analysis of the Asian Remote Sensing Market Aerial and Spaceborne, Global Marketing Insights, Inc, 2007
Phinn, S.R., Held, A. Danaher, T. and Roelfsema, C.M. 2008. Australia’s Environmental Monitoring Information Needs for a Multi-spectral, Moderate Spatial Resolution Imaging Satellite Program. Proceedings of 14th AustralAsian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, Darwin, September 2008.
Senate Standing Committee on Economics, Lost in Space: Setting a new direction for Australia’s space science and industry sector, The Senate, 2008 [and Government Response 2009]
Sinclair Knight Merz, Understanding Australia’s Domestic Space Capabilities, DIISR 2010
Space IGS, A UK Space Innovations and Growth Strategy 2010 to 2030, Space IGS 2010
Spatial Data Policy Executive, Annual Report, Office of Spatial Data Management, 2006
Spatial Information Industry Action Agenda, Positioning for Growth, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2001
Thackway, R., Examples of Key User-needs, BRS, 2010
19
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
8. Appendix D: Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth ObservationTotal program scale refers to the total cost of the program; this includes areas of the programs which do not involve EOS. Program scale has been separated into the following classes:
Program scale
Less than $100,000
$100,000 - $1,000,000
$1,000,000 - $10,000,000
$10,000,000 - $100,000,000
$100,000,000 - $1 billion
Greater than $1 billion
Levels of EO dependency are defined as:
EO dependency Description
Low TheprogramutilisesEOdataasasupplementarytoolonly.
MediumThe program utilises EO data and the opportunity cost of alternative data sources would increasethetotalscaleoftheprogramsignificantly.
High TheprogramutilisesEOdataandthereisnoeconomicorpracticalalternative.
20
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
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gen
cy/s
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gram
/Pro
du
ct
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eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
1Fe
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lA
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y M
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ustr
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and
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Sta
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se a
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anag
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LUM
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ustr
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regi
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nat
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port
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of l
and
use
and
land
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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
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22
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
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Lead
p
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foli
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23
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
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.Ty
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Lead
p
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rmat
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Net
wo
rk (
ERIN
) ai
ms
to
imp
rove
env
iro
nm
enta
l ou
tco
mes
by
deve
lopi
ng a
nd m
anag
ing
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
, acc
urat
e an
d ac
cess
ible
info
rmat
ion
base
fo
ren
viro
nmen
tald
ecis
ions
.Inf
orm
atio
nis
dra
wn
from
man
yso
urce
s an
d in
clud
es m
aps,
spe
cies
dis
trib
utio
ns, d
ocum
ents
and
sa
telli
te im
ager
y, a
nd c
over
s en
viro
nmen
tal t
hem
es r
angi
ng fr
om
enda
nger
eds
peci
esto
dro
ught
and
pol
lutio
n.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
20Fe
dera
lD
EWH
AC
SIR
O, B
oMW
ater
Info
rmat
ion
Res
earc
h an
d D
evel
opm
ent A
llian
ce
(WIR
AD
A)
Evap
otr
ansp
irat
ion
mo
nito
rin
g fo
r re
gio
nal
an
d n
atio
nal
sca
le
wat
er b
ud
gets
. The
sci
ence
is n
ow s
uffic
ient
to a
llow
ope
ratio
nal
mon
itori
ngo
fET
ona
dai
lyb
asis
from
sat
ellit
es.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
24
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
21Fe
dera
lD
IAC
A
CB
PSB
orde
r Pr
otec
tion
The
Au
stra
lian
Cu
sto
ms
and
Bo
rder
Pro
tect
ion
Ser
vice
em
ploy
s sa
telli
te te
chno
logy
for
com
mun
icat
ions
, sur
veill
ance
an
dm
arin
ere
scue
.Whe
rec
lient
age
ncie
sdo
not
hav
eth
eir
own
sate
llite
tech
nolo
gy c
apab
ilitie
s, tr
ansm
issi
on o
f dat
a an
d pi
ctur
es
from
sur
veill
ance
air
craf
t can
be
faci
litat
ed v
ia th
e C
usto
ms
Nat
iona
lSur
veill
ance
Cen
tre
inC
anbe
rra.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
22Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, TER
N,
DEW
HA
Aus
Cov
er T
ERN
The
Terr
estr
ial E
cosy
stem
s R
esea
rch
Net
wo
rk (
TER
N)
will
p
rovi
de
a n
etw
ork
for
terr
estr
ial e
cosy
stem
res
earc
h to
co
ordi
nate
nat
iona
l obs
erva
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n an
d en
cour
age
rese
arch
col
labo
ratio
n an
d co
oper
atio
n na
tiona
lly, t
o fa
cilit
ate
impr
oved
acc
ess,
incl
udin
g by
ele
ctro
nic
mea
ns, f
or r
esea
rche
rs
to q
ualit
y as
sure
d ob
serv
atio
nal d
ata;
and
to id
entif
y fu
ture
ne
eds
for
rese
arch
and
str
engt
hen
the
capa
bilit
y of
the
terr
estr
ial
ecos
yste
mc
omm
unity
acr
oss
Aus
tral
ia.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
23Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, GR
DC
Bio
mas
s M
onito
ring
Mea
sure
men
t o
f b
iom
ass
can
be
mad
e o
ver
a ra
nge
of
scal
es
fro
m p
oin
t so
urc
e to
reg
ion
al le
vel.
Sat
ellit
e pl
atfo
rms
are
effe
ctiv
e fo
r la
rge–
scal
e ap
prai
sal o
f lan
dsca
pe s
yste
ms,
and
as
sess
men
t of s
patia
l and
tem
pora
l var
iatio
n of
veg
etat
ion
acro
ss
abr
oad
area
.Sat
ellit
e–de
rived
info
rmat
ion
for
estim
atin
gcr
op
prod
uctio
nha
sbe
enw
elle
stab
lishe
d.S
enso
rso
nLa
ndsa
tand
SP
OT
prov
ide
high
er r
esol
utio
n in
form
atio
n m
akin
g th
em w
ell
suite
d to
ass
essi
ng th
e im
pact
of h
uman
act
ivity
on
agri
cultu
ral
prod
uctio
nfr
omp
addo
ckto
reg
iona
lsca
le.R
emot
ese
nsin
gca
nde
tect
whe
re a
gric
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ity is
cau
sing
a s
hift
in p
rodu
ctio
n po
tent
iald
ueto
cha
ngin
gso
ilqu
ality
.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
24Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, BoM
, D
EWH
A, D
IISR
Cen
tre
for
Wea
ther
and
C
limat
e R
esea
rch
(CA
WC
R)
CAW
CR
is a
par
tner
ship
bet
wee
n C
SIR
O a
nd
th
e B
ure
au o
f M
eteo
rolo
gy.I
tis
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
Aus
tral
ian
Com
mun
ity
Clim
ate
and
Eart
h Sy
stem
Sim
ulat
or (A
CC
ESS)
, and
a n
umbe
r of
at
mos
pher
e,w
eath
era
ndc
limat
esc
ienc
epr
ogra
ms.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
25Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, Sta
te
geol
ogic
al
surv
eys,
GA
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hyp
ersp
ectr
al
Imag
ing
Sate
llite
Pro
gram
s
Co
vere
d u
nd
er in
tern
atio
nal
agr
eem
ents
su
ch a
s th
ose
wit
h
ERSD
AC
(Ja
pan
) an
d G
FZ (
Ger
man
y), C
SIR
O a
nd c
olla
bora
ting
Aus
tral
ian/
Stat
e go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ents
are
usi
ng A
ustr
alia
fo
r (1
) est
ablis
hing
sou
ther
n he
mis
pher
e vi
cari
ous
calib
ratio
n ca
pabi
lity;
(2) p
ublic
geo
scie
nce
info
rmat
ion
prod
ucts
and
rel
ated
(in
ter)
natio
nals
tand
ards
.>90
%o
fcur
rent
fund
ing
isp
rovi
ded
by
inte
rnat
iona
lpar
tner
s(e
.g.E
RSD
AC
).
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
25
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
26Fe
dera
lD
IISR
AIM
SLo
ng T
erm
Mon
itori
ng
Prog
ram
(LTM
P)
LTM
P h
as b
een
su
rvey
ing
the
hea
lth
of
reef
s in
th
e G
reat
B
arri
er R
eef
ann
ual
ly s
ince
199
3.T
his
repr
esen
tsth
elo
nges
tco
ntin
uous
tem
pora
l rec
ord
of c
hang
e in
ree
f com
mun
ities
ove
r su
cha
larg
esc
ale.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
27Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, IM
OS,
A
IMS,
DEW
HA
Oce
an C
olou
r M
onito
ring
Larg
e ar
ea m
on
itori
ng
of
mar
ine
reso
urc
es th
roug
h oc
ean
colo
ur a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re c
an b
e an
effe
ctiv
e w
ay o
f def
inin
g zo
nes
of o
cean
and
coa
stal
reg
ions
, and
taki
ng m
easu
res
rela
ting
to
habi
tats
tatu
san
dch
ange
sov
erti
me.
The
tech
nolo
gym
aya
lso
be
used
for
cora
l ble
achi
ng p
redi
ctio
n an
d m
onito
ring
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
28Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, Lan
dgat
e (W
A).
AG
RIC
(W
A)
Past
ures
from
Spa
ce
Past
ure
s fr
om
Sp
ace
is a
far
m m
anag
emen
t to
ol.
Sat
ellit
es o
rbit
the
eart
htw
ice
ada
yco
llect
ing
the
infr
ared
res
pons
eof
pas
ture
s.
The
data
is th
en u
sed
to e
stim
ate
the
rate
of p
astu
re g
row
th d
urin
g th
egr
owin
gse
ason
.Fa
rmer
sca
nna
viga
tea
ndz
oom
-in
toth
eir
padd
ocks
by
usin
gm
apla
yers
suc
has
roa
dan
dto
wn
nam
es.
Wee
kly
data
is a
lso
dow
nloa
dabl
e fo
r us
e in
est
imat
ing
past
ure
grow
th r
ates
of p
addo
cks
whi
ch c
an h
elp
calc
ulat
e fe
ed a
nd
lives
tock
qua
ntiti
esto
kee
pon
the
farm
.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
29Fe
dera
lD
IISR
CSI
RO
, GSW
A,
GSQ
, AuS
cope
, U
WA
, Cur
tin
Uni
vers
ity,
Indu
stry
, GA
WA
Cen
tre
ofE
xcel
lenc
e(C
oE) f
or 3
D M
iner
al
Map
ping
(C3D
MM
)
Led
by
CSI
RO
, th
e fi
ve y
ear
C3D
MM
Co
E is
su
pp
ort
ed b
y th
e W
A g
ove
rnm
ent
(pro
vide
s $1
for
ever
y $3
con
trib
uted
by
othe
rs
toth
eC
oE),
UW
A,g
over
nmen
tdep
artm
ents
,ind
ustr
yan
dC
SIR
O.
The
mai
n ai
m o
f C3D
MM
is to
bui
ld c
apab
ilitie
s th
at d
eliv
er
publ
icly
acc
essi
ble
3D m
iner
al m
appi
ng p
rodu
cts
from
a n
ew
gene
ratio
n of
rem
ote
sens
ing
and
drill
cor
e lo
ggin
g hy
pers
pect
ral
tech
nolo
gies
ofv
alue
toth
eA
ustr
alia
nR
esou
rces
sec
tor.
C3D
MM
is
wor
king
with
Aus
tral
ian/
Stat
e ge
osur
veys
to g
ener
ate
new
pu
blic
-acc
essi
ble
prec
ompe
titiv
e ge
osci
ence
pro
duct
s of
the
Aus
tral
ian
cont
inen
t fro
m a
new
gen
erat
ion
of r
emot
e se
nsin
g sy
stem
s(e
.g.H
yMap
and
AST
ER).
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
30Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
Coa
stal
Mon
itori
ng
The
Co
asta
l Res
earc
h a
nd
Man
agem
ent
pro
ject
pro
vid
es
info
rmat
ion
an
d a
dvi
ce to
sup
port
effe
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t of
Aus
tral
ian
estu
arie
san
dco
asta
lwat
erw
ays.
Inp
artic
ular
,new
en
viro
nmen
tal d
ata
are
acqu
ired
and
com
pile
d to
est
ablis
h a
natio
nal o
verv
iew
of c
oast
al w
ater
qua
lity
and
deve
lop
agre
ed
met
hods
and
indi
cato
rs fo
r th
e as
sess
men
t of w
ater
qua
lity
and
ecos
yste
min
tegr
ity.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00M
ediu
m
26
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
31Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
, DFA
TLo
SaM
BA
The
LoSa
MBA
pro
ject
def
ines
Au
stra
lia’s
nat
ion
al m
arit
ime
bo
un
dar
ies,
adv
ises
on
the
defin
ition
of a
dmin
istr
ativ
e bo
unda
ries
, and
adv
ises
on
geos
cien
tific
asp
ects
of t
he L
aw o
f the
Se
a.T
hep
roje
cta
lso
invo
lves
adm
inis
trat
ion
and
enha
ncem
ent
of w
eb-b
ased
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems,
in p
artic
ular
the
Aus
tral
ian
Mar
ine
Spat
ial I
nfor
mat
ion
Syst
em (A
MSI
S); p
rovi
sion
of s
peci
fic
ad-h
oc a
dvic
e in
clud
ing
prov
isio
n of
map
s, w
ritte
n bo
unda
ry
desc
ript
ions
and
dig
ital d
ata
to a
ssis
t Gov
ernm
ent A
genc
ies
with
reg
ulat
ory
auth
ority
in th
e A
ustr
alia
n m
ariti
me
juri
sdic
tion;
su
ppor
t to
the
Offi
ce o
f Tra
nspo
rt S
ecur
ity o
n th
e de
finiti
on
of S
ecur
ity R
egul
ated
Por
ts; a
dvic
e to
Pac
ific
Isla
nd C
ount
ries
th
roug
hSO
PAC
on
mar
itim
ebo
unda
ryr
elat
edis
sues
.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
32Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
, BR
SN
atio
nal L
and
Cov
er
Map
ping
Lan
d-c
ove
r m
app
ing
at G
eosc
ien
ce A
ust
ralia
pro
vid
es
a n
atio
nal
dyn
amic
map
pin
g sy
stem
pla
cing
cur
rent
land
co
ver
stat
usa
ndc
hang
esin
ah
isto
rica
lcon
text
ata
nat
iona
l,re
gion
al a
nd lo
cal s
cale
, and
to s
uppo
rt a
nd fa
cilit
ate
a na
tiona
l st
anda
rd b
asel
ine
for
chan
ge d
etec
tion
and
envi
ronm
enta
l re
port
ing,
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent a
nd a
id in
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
tdec
isio
ns.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
33Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
, Sta
tes
Nat
iona
l Top
ogra
phic
M
appi
ng
Nat
ion
al b
road
-sca
le o
per
atio
nal
map
pin
g b
ased
on
sat
ellit
e im
ages
, cap
ture
d at
leas
t ann
ually
ove
r la
rge
area
s (c
ontin
enta
l sc
ale)
.Im
ager
yis
use
dto
det
ectc
hang
ein
topo
grap
hic
feat
ures
,an
d to
cre
ate
up to
dat
e to
pogr
aphi
c m
aps
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
34Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
Petr
oleu
m A
crea
ge a
nd
Rel
ease
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
too
ls a
nd
tech
niq
ues
for
the
det
ecti
on
of
nat
ura
l hyd
roca
rbo
n s
eep
age,
ran
ging
from
the
asse
ssm
ent o
f re
mot
e se
nsin
g ap
plic
atio
ns to
the
geoc
hem
ical
ana
lysi
s of
sea
be
dsa
mpl
es.
$10,
000,
000
- $1
00,0
00,0
00Lo
w
35Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
, CSI
RO
Pre-
com
petit
ive
Min
eral
Pr
ospe
ctin
g R
esea
rch
Geo
scie
nti
fic
surv
eys
of
Au
stra
lia’s
min
eral
pro
vin
ces
to
iden
tify
area
sof
new
min
eral
pot
entia
ltha
tmay
be
ofe
xplo
ratio
nin
tere
st.G
eosc
ienc
eA
ustr
alia
mar
kets
thes
eop
port
uniti
es
dom
estic
ally
and
inte
rnat
iona
lly.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0Lo
w
27
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
36Fe
dera
lD
RET
GA
Sent
inel
Hot
spot
s
Sen
tin
el is
a n
atio
nal
bu
shfi
re m
on
itori
ng
syst
em, w
hich
allo
ws
user
s to
iden
tify
fire
loca
tions
whe
re th
ere
is a
pot
entia
l ris
k to
co
mm
uniti
esa
ndp
rope
rty.S
entin
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40Ju
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41Ju
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nN
SW
Dep
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f Pl
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ernm
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0,00
0,00
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28
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
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on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
42Ju
risd
ictio
nN
SWD
ECC
WEl
evat
ion
and
vege
tatio
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ural
map
ping
Wet
lan
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wat
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eso
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incl
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tion
map
ping
& fi
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ling
$100
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43Ju
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nN
SWD
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WG
roun
dwat
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Less
than
$10
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44Ju
risd
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nN
SWD
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roun
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Map
ping
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pin
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45Ju
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Less
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46Ju
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$100
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$1,0
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47Ju
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nat
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Less
than
$10
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48Ju
risd
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nN
SWO
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Mon
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tate
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The
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abili
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nsiv
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used
.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
29
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
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Nam
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To
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pro
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sc
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EO
dep
end
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49Ju
risd
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nN
SWD
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WN
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51Ju
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52Ju
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30
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
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Lead
p
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foli
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gen
cy/s
Pro
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58Ju
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Flo
od W
atch
for
all-
wea
ther
as
wel
l as
day
and
nig
hto
bser
vatio
ns.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
59Ju
risd
ictio
nN
TN
TLIS
, NR
EAR
ange
land
mon
itori
ngR
emo
te s
ensi
ng
is t
he
pri
mar
y m
ean
s o
f m
on
itori
ng
natu
ral
reso
urce
man
agem
enti
nth
eN
orth
ern
Terr
itory
.$1
00,0
00 -
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Hig
h
60Ju
risd
ictio
nN
T B
ushf
ires
NT
Fire
map
ping
: Nat
iona
l Pa
rks
and
Arn
hem
Lan
d Fi
re M
anag
emen
t Are
a
Sate
llite
imag
ery
pla
ys a
vit
al r
ole
in b
ush
fire
co
nta
inm
ent
and
man
agem
ent,
par
ticul
arly
in th
e ve
ry la
rge
area
s of
the
Gul
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nee
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ple
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th
eIn
djiW
atch
hot
spot
sys
tem
.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
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61Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Bio
mas
s m
onito
ring
It
is n
ow p
ract
ical
to m
easu
re a
bo
ve-g
rou
nd
bio
mas
s of
woo
dy
vege
tatio
n fr
om c
erta
in R
AD
AR
sat
ellit
es$1
,000
,000
-
$10,
000,
000
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h
31
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
62Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Gro
undc
over
mon
itori
ngLa
nd
man
ager
s, p
asto
ralis
ts,
po
licy
and
pla
nn
ing
staf
f ca
n
mak
e im
po
rtan
t m
anag
emen
t d
ecis
ion
s ba
sed
on s
atel
lite
deriv
ed in
form
atio
n on
gro
undc
over
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
63Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
QLU
MP
land
-use
pro
gram
Qu
een
slan
d L
and
Use
Mo
nito
rin
g Pr
ogr
am (
QLU
MP
) m
app
ing
is p
erfo
rmed
acc
ordi
ng to
the
Aus
tral
ian
Land
Use
an
dM
anag
emen
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ssifi
catio
n(A
LUM
).Th
em
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dolo
gyis
fa
st, r
elia
ble
and
accu
rate
, and
mak
es th
e be
st u
se o
f ava
ilabl
e da
taba
ses,
sat
ellit
e im
ages
, and
aer
ial p
hoto
s
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
64Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Que
ensl
and
Wet
land
m
appi
ng a
nd C
lass
ifica
tion
The
Qu
een
slan
d W
etla
nd
Map
pin
g an
d C
lass
ific
atio
n p
roje
ct
pro
vid
es a
co
mp
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ensi
ve c
ove
rage
of
wet
lan
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map
ped
at
a sc
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and
leve
l of d
etai
l tha
t can
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de th
e im
plem
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tion
of
man
agem
enta
ctio
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nds
uppo
rtm
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emen
tdec
isio
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akin
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It is
als
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rt o
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rger
pro
ject
invo
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velo
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atel
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bine
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ith o
ther
dat
a so
urce
s to
form
the
wat
er b
ody
laye
r of
the
final
w
etla
nds
map
ping
pro
duct
.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
65Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Ree
f Cat
chm
ent M
onito
ring
(R
CM
)
Ree
f C
atch
men
t M
on
itori
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to c
har
acte
rise
lan
d u
se,
gully
er
osi
on
an
d t
he
exte
nt
of
rip
aria
n v
eget
atio
n.
The
base
line
data
isto
be
upda
ted
infi
vey
ears
or
earl
ier.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
66Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Reg
iona
l eco
syst
em
map
ping
Reg
ion
al e
cosy
stem
map
s d
escr
ibe
the
exte
nt
and
co
nse
rvat
ion
sta
tus
of
rem
nan
t ve
geta
tio
n a
s re
gion
al
ecos
yste
ms.
The
ypr
ovid
ein
form
atio
ncr
ucia
lto
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
n ap
plic
atio
n to
cle
ar v
eget
atio
n, p
artic
ular
ly fo
r de
velo
ping
a
prop
erty
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
entp
lan.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
67Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Soil
expo
sure
ass
essm
ent
Lan
d d
egra
dat
ion
pro
ble
ms
per
sist
in la
rge
area
s o
f ru
ral
and
reg
ion
al A
ust
ralia
. G
ener
ally
, the
se p
robl
ems
have
res
ulte
d fr
om a
tria
l and
err
or a
ppro
ach
to la
nd m
anag
emen
t, an
d th
e im
posi
tion
on th
e A
ustr
alia
n en
viro
nmen
t of a
gric
ultu
ral
syst
ems
that
hav
e si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ltere
d hy
drol
ogy
and
soil
prop
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s,a
ndh
ave
caus
eda
loss
ofb
iodi
vers
ity.S
atel
lite
imag
ery
and
rem
ote
sens
ing
are
impo
rtan
t to
mon
itor
and
rem
edia
teth
ese
area
s.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
32
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
68Ju
risd
ictio
nQ
LDD
ERM
Stat
ewid
e La
ndco
ver
and
Tree
Stu
dy (S
LATS
)
SLAT
S is
a m
ajo
r ve
geta
tio
n m
on
itori
ng
init
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ve to
inve
stig
ate
the
over
all c
over
of w
oody
veg
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and
to r
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the
prev
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lyu
nqua
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tofl
and
clea
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slan
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scie
ntifi
cally
dev
elop
eda
ndte
sted
met
hods
.The
sem
etho
ds
com
bine
fiel
d ve
rific
atio
n an
d co
mpu
ter
proc
essi
ng u
sing
sta
te-o
f-th
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t rem
ote
sens
ing
and
Geo
grap
hic
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em (G
IS)
tech
nolo
gies
$10,
000,
000
- $1
00,0
00,0
00H
igh
69Ju
risd
ictio
nSA
DW
LBC
Imag
ery
Bas
elin
e D
ata
Proj
ect
The
Imag
ery
Bas
elin
e D
ata
Pro
ject
use
d a
eria
l ph
oto
grap
hy
and
sat
ellit
e im
ager
y o
f h
igh
pri
ori
ty a
reas
acr
oss
SA
with
a
600k
m D
EM o
f the
ent
ire
SA s
ectio
n of
the
Riv
er M
urra
y,
inva
luab
le fo
r in
tegr
ated
wat
er s
ecur
ity a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l m
anag
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tin
SA.
$100
,000
-
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00,0
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w
70Ju
risd
ictio
nSA
DW
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Stat
ewid
e N
ativ
e V
eget
atio
n D
etec
tion
The
Stat
ewid
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ativ
e Ve
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etec
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roje
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ver
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ager
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to
seve
n cl
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hich
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rese
nt w
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ive
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hep
roje
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ting
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dyn
ativ
eve
geta
tion
map
ping
dat
a in
the
agri
cultu
ral r
egio
ns fo
r th
e ye
ars
1990
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erifi
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nw
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here
woo
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n m
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corr
ect b
ased
on
clea
ranc
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0,00
0,00
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igh
71Ju
risd
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SD
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TASV
EG
TASV
EG w
as p
rod
uce
d b
y th
e Ta
sman
ian
Veg
etat
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Map
pin
g an
d M
on
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Pro
gram
(TV
MM
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Aer
ial p
hoto
grap
hic
inte
rpre
tatio
n (P
I) is
the
prim
ary
data
col
lect
ion
met
hod
with
fie
ld v
erifi
catio
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rep
rese
ntat
ive
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gons
acc
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ing
for
appr
oxim
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equ
arte
rto
one
fifth
ofv
eget
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nm
appi
ng
time.
The
mos
trec
entp
hoto
grap
hsa
reu
sed
whe
rep
ossi
ble.
Hig
hre
solu
tion
sate
llite
imag
ery
may
be
used
, whe
re a
vaila
ble,
for
capt
ure
and
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
feat
ures
.
$100
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$1,0
00,0
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m
72Ju
risd
ictio
nV
ICD
SEB
ushf
ire
area
s an
d tr
ee
cove
r
Rem
ote
sen
sin
g is
the
mo
st p
ract
ical
met
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d fo
r m
app
ing
and
quan
tifyi
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reim
pact
sat
land
scap
esc
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sors
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boar
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vatio
n sa
telli
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or o
ther
pla
tform
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efle
cted
from
the
earth
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face
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ctw
ave-
leng
th.
Less
than
$10
0,00
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m
73Ju
risd
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nV
ICD
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apot
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pira
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mod
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g
Evap
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ion
of
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gate
d p
astu
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rem
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nsed
ve
geta
tion
inde
xan
dth
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ald
ata
are
com
bine
dat
the
indi
vidu
al
padd
ock
scal
eto
mod
elth
eET
ofi
rrig
ated
pas
ture
s.Le
ss th
an $
100,
000
Hig
h
33
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
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on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
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risd
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nV
ICD
PI, D
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nd u
se
Vic
tori
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nd
-use
has
bee
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on
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reg
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p
add
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sca
le.
Agr
icul
tura
l lan
d us
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ere
dete
rmin
ed th
roug
h an
aut
omat
ed p
roce
ss to
spa
tially
allo
cate
the
agri
cultu
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ta u
sing
sat
ellit
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ager
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sing
a m
etho
d de
scri
bed
as S
PREA
D
(Wal
ker
&M
alla
waa
rach
chi1
998)
.
$100
,000
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75Ju
risd
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nV
ICD
SEN
ativ
eve
geta
tion
exte
nt
and
cond
ition
Rem
ote
sen
sin
g is
an
ess
enti
al c
om
po
nen
t o
f n
ativ
e ve
geta
tio
n m
on
itori
ng.
The
hea
lth a
nd r
eveg
etat
ion
of n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
is v
ital t
o th
e na
tura
l pro
cess
es th
at w
e re
ly o
n fo
r cl
ean
air
and
wat
er, f
or n
atur
al h
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ge
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76Ju
risd
ictio
nW
ALa
ndga
teA
gim
age
– SW
of W
A
Agi
mag
e p
rovi
des
lan
d m
anag
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t p
rofe
ssio
nal
s ac
cess
to
sate
llite
map
s an
dan
ext
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vea
rchi
veo
fbio
mas
sim
ages
sin
ce
1993
cov
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este
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’s So
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Wes
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term
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vari
atio
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pgr
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mer
san
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man
agem
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rofe
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can
use
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and
pas
ture
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77Ju
risd
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nW
ALa
ndga
teC
arbo
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Lan
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suite
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wne
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78Ju
risd
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nW
ALa
ndga
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Emer
genc
y m
anag
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Op
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ion
al s
taff
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form
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andg
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and
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olla
bora
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ens
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ble
to
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shar
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mat
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79Ju
risd
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AD
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re M
appi
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nd
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occu
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agem
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nd u
nder
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80Ju
risd
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ALa
ndga
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reW
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Pro
gram
Sate
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imag
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n im
po
rtan
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on
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of
fire
m
anag
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ith a
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in th
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gda
taa
ndo
ther
use
fulm
apla
yers
.
$100
,000
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34
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
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Nam
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sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
81Ju
risd
ictio
nW
ALa
ndga
teFl
oodM
ap P
rogr
am
Flo
od
Map
pro
vid
es e
mer
gen
cy s
ervi
ces
per
son
nel
wit
h
dat
aset
s an
d a
n o
nlin
e m
ap to
hel
p in
the
man
agem
ent a
nd
miti
gatio
nof
floo
dso
ver
Aus
tral
ia.D
atas
ets
incl
ude
curr
ent
surf
ace
wat
er d
eriv
ed fr
om M
OD
IS, h
isto
rica
l flo
odin
g, fl
ood
risk
pro
duct
s, s
oil m
oist
ure
from
AM
SRE,
soi
l moi
stur
e sa
tura
tion
inde
xan
dpr
ofile
ava
ilabl
ew
ater
from
MTS
AT
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
82Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AD
ECLa
nd A
udit
and
Com
plia
nce
Au
dit
an
d c
om
plia
nce
of
nat
ive
vege
tati
on
. A
ppro
pria
te im
age
sets
are
sig
hted
to c
heck
ed n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
com
plia
nce
with
ap
prop
riat
eap
plic
atio
ns.M
ajor
focu
sha
sbe
enw
ithin
the
SWb
ut
deve
lopm
ento
ccur
ring
toth
ere
sto
fthe
Sta
te.
Less
than
$10
0,00
0 M
ediu
m
83Ju
risd
ictio
nW
A
Land
gate
, C
SIR
O, D
EC,
DA
FWA
, DoW
, D
PI
Land
Mon
itor
Proj
ect -
SW
of
WA
Lan
d M
on
itor
is a
co
ord
inat
ed in
itia
tive
ori
gin
ally
un
der
th
e N
atio
nal
Dry
lan
d S
alin
ity
Pro
gram
. The
pro
ject
ori
gina
lly
aim
ed to
sys
tem
atic
ally
mon
itor
salt-
affe
cted
land
and
rem
nant
ve
geta
tion
chan
ge o
ver
the
agri
cultu
ral a
rea
of s
outh
wes
t of
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ia.L
and
Mon
itor
phas
eIII
isa
imed
atv
eget
atio
nm
onito
ring
on
ana
nnua
lbas
esa
cros
sth
eSW
ofW
A.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00M
ediu
m
84Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AD
ECM
arin
e M
appi
ng a
nd
Mon
itori
ng
Mo
nito
rin
g, w
ith
eva
luat
ion
an
d r
epo
rtin
g, is
th
e ke
y fe
edb
ack
mec
han
ism
in a
‘bes
t pra
ctic
e’ n
atur
al r
esou
rce
adap
tive
man
agem
enta
ppro
ach.
Hen
ce,i
tis
prim
arily
the
resp
onsi
bilit
yof
man
agem
enta
genc
ies.
Mon
itori
ng,f
or
mea
suri
ng s
ucce
ss o
f man
agem
ent a
ctio
ns to
war
ds o
bjec
tives
(o
f Mar
ine
Prot
ecte
d A
reas
man
agem
ent p
lans
and
mar
ine
faun
a co
nser
vatio
n pr
ogra
ms)
and
for
appl
ying
act
ive
adap
tive
man
agem
ent p
rinc
iple
s to
mar
ine
cons
erva
tion,
will
be
a pr
iori
ty
for
WA’
sm
arin
esc
ienc
epr
ogra
m.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0Lo
w
85Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AD
OW
Mon
itori
ng G
roun
dwat
er
Dec
line
The
Lan
d M
on
itor
Pro
ject
pro
du
ces
map
s b
ased
on
Lan
dsa
t d
ata
ofth
eex
tent
and
rec
ent(
~10
yea
r)c
hang
ein
are
aso
fsal
t-af
fect
ed/p
ersi
sten
tlow
pro
duct
ivity
land
.Spa
tialr
esol
utio
nis
25
mb
y25
m.T
hep
roje
ctc
over
sth
een
tire
SWa
gric
ultu
rala
rea
(24
mill
ion
hect
ares
).A
ccur
acy
asse
ssm
ents
ofs
alin
itym
appi
nga
re
carr
ied
outa
ndp
ublis
hed
for
sam
ple
area
sw
ithin
eac
hre
gion
.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0H
igh
86Ju
risd
ictio
nW
ALa
ndga
teO
cean
Wat
ch P
rogr
a mO
cean
Wat
ch p
rovi
des
acc
ess
to s
ea s
urf
ace
tem
per
atu
re,
op
tica
l att
enu
atio
n,
and
ch
loro
phy
ll p
rod
uct
s an
d in
the
futu
re,a
ran
geo
foth
ers
atel
lite
deriv
edo
cean
pro
duct
s.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
35
A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY
Pro
g ID
.Ty
pe
Lead
p
ort
foli
oA
gen
cy/s
Pro
gram
/Pro
du
ct
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
To
tal
pro
gram
sc
ale
EO
dep
end
ency
87Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AW
ater
C
orpo
ratio
nU
rban
Mon
itor
The
Pert
h W
ater
Co
rpo
rati
on
is a
par
tner
age
ncy
in c
olle
ctin
g h
igh
res
olu
tio
n m
ult
i-sp
ectr
al im
ager
y ov
er g
reat
er P
erth
met
ro
area
for
rang
e of
ana
lyse
s op
tions
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
88Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AW
ater
C
orpo
ratio
nV
eget
atio
n M
onito
ring
Lan
d M
on
itor
pro
du
cts
are
use
d to
gai
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
on
ve
geta
tio
n d
ynam
ics
and
its e
ffect
on
wat
er y
ield
in P
erth
dam
ca
tchm
ents
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00M
ediu
m
89Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AW
ater
C
orpo
ratio
nV
eget
atio
n M
onito
ring
and
co
ver
estim
ates
Hig
h r
eso
luti
on
air
bo
rne
mu
lti-
spec
tral
imag
ery
are
use
d
to e
valu
ate
chan
ge in
fore
st c
ove
r an
d ef
fect
iven
ess
of fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t to
incr
ease
wat
er y
ield
from
Wun
gong
Cat
chm
ent
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
90Ju
risd
ictio
nW
AD
ECV
eget
atio
n M
onito
ring
.
Key
DEC
res
po
nsi
bili
ties
incl
ud
e b
road
ro
les
in c
on
serv
ing
bio
div
ersi
ty a
nd
pro
tect
ing,
man
agin
g, r
egu
lati
ng
and
as
sess
ing
man
y as
pec
ts o
f th
e u
se o
f th
e St
ate’
s n
atu
ral
reso
urc
es.
Man
y op
erat
iona
l tas
ks r
equi
re o
ngoi
ng a
ccep
ted
mon
itori
ngp
roce
dure
sth
atu
sec
onsi
sten
t,re
peat
able
imag
ery.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00H
igh
91Ju
risd
ictio
nW
ALa
ndga
teV
eget
atio
nWat
ch P
rogr
am
Vege
tati
on
Wat
ch p
rod
uce
s gr
een
nes
s im
age
map
s o
ver
Au
stra
lia.
MO
DIS
and
NO
AA
sat
ellit
e im
ages
are
pro
cess
ed
top
rovi
deg
reen
ness
imag
esa
t250
ma
nd1
kmr
esol
utio
n.
Gre
enne
ss im
ages
from
MO
DIS
are
ava
ilabl
e w
ithin
3 h
ours
of
the
over
pass
and
a fo
rtni
ghtly
com
posi
te o
ver
Aus
tral
ia is
av
aila
ble
wee
kly.
$100
,000
-
$1,0
00,0
00M
ediu
m
92Ju
risd
ictio
nW
ALa
ndga
teW
ALI
S
WA
LIS
is a
par
tner
ship
of
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cies
wo
rkin
g w
ith
b
usi
nes
s, e
du
cati
on
an
d t
he
gen
eral
co
mm
un
ity
to m
anag
e an
dpr
omot
eth
eSt
ate’
sge
ogra
phic
info
rmat
ion.
Dat
aca
ptur
ed
thro
ugh
the
Stat
e La
nd In
form
atio
n C
aptu
re P
rogr
am (S
LIC
P)
can
rang
e fr
om a
eria
l pho
togr
aphy
, top
ogra
phic
dat
a, s
atel
lite
imag
ery,
bat
hym
etry
, LID
AR
, inf
rast
ruct
ure,
to 3
D s
urve
ys, s
oils
, or
tho-
imag
ery
and
any
othe
rty
peo
fspa
tiald
ata
requ
ired
.Th
eda
ta r
eque
sted
thro
ugh
SLIC
P pr
ovid
es a
n op
port
unity
to d
rive
deci
sion
mak
ing
on im
port
ant i
ssue
s su
ch a
s cl
imat
e ch
ange
, pl
anni
ng,m
inin
gan
dhe
alth
.Lan
dgat
eha
sbo
ths
impl
ified
the
SLIC
Ppr
oces
san
dis
see
king
toe
xpan
dth
eca
pabi
litie
san
dfu
ndin
g of
SLI
CP
to a
ddre
ss th
e fu
ture
nee
ds o
f the
sta
te’s
land
an
dsp
atia
linf
orm
atio
n.
$1,0
00,0
00 -
$1
0,00
0,00
0M
ediu
m
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