Adifferentvisionofopenness:TheChineseInternet
ShirleyHung
TalkpreparedforCommunica7onsFuturesProgram
May4,2011
Dra6Donotciteorcirculatewithoutauthor’spermission
• China’svisionoftheInternetandopenness
• Structureofcontrol
• Ver?calintegra?onofcontrol
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Freedomofspeechisimportanttoeveryone…
TheWestconsidersfreedomofspeechauniversalright• “Everyonehastherighttofreedomofopinionandexpression;this
rightincludesfreedomtoholdopinionswithoutinterferenceandtoseek,receiveandimpartinforma7onandideasthroughanymediaandregardlessoffron7ers.”–UNUniversalDeclara7onofHumanRights
TheChineseCons7tu7onguaranteesfreedomofspeech,too• “Ci7zensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaenjoyfreedomofspeech,
ofthepress,ofassembly,ofassocia7on,ofprocessionandofdemonstra7on.”–Cons7tu7onoftheP.R.C.
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…butnoteveryoneagreeswhatfreedomofspeechmeans
“Chineseci7zensfullyenjoyfreedomofspeechontheInternet.”
–TheInternetinChina,Chinesegovernmentwhitepaper,June2010
“ByNovember…350mpiecesofharmfulinforma7on,includingtext,picturesandvideos,hadbeendeleted…therewasanotableimprovementintheonlineculturalenvironment.”
–WangChen,deputyheadoftheCommunistparty’spropagandadepartmentandheadoftheStateCouncilInforma7onOffice
Notes:FT.com,December30,2010DRAFT.DONOTCITEORCIRCULATEWITHOUTAUTHOR'SPERMISSION.
Differentpriori?esdriveChinesemanagementoftheInternet
TheWestconsidersInternetfreedomapoli7calpriority• “Ontheirown,newtechnologiesdonottakesidesinthestrugglefor
freedomandprogress,buttheUnitedStatesdoes.Westandforasingleinternetwhereallofhumanityhasequalaccesstoknowledgeandideas.“–HillaryClinton,January21,2010
ChinaemphasizestheInternet’spoten7alforeconomicdevelopment• “TheChinesegovernmenthas…endeavoredtocreateahealthyand
harmoniousInternetenvironment,andbuildanInternetthatismorereliable,useful,andconducivetoeconomicandsocialdevelopment...Na7onalsitua7onsandculturaltradi7onsdifferamongcountries,andsoconcernaboutInternetsecurityalsodiffers.ConcernsaboutInternetsecurityofdifferentcountriesshouldbefullyrespected.”–TheInternetinChina,Chinesegovernmentwhitepaper,June2010
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AbrieflessononChinesepoli?cs
• Toppriorityisstability,orpreserva7onofCommunistPartyrule
• Partylegi7macyhastwopillars:economicdevelopmentandterritorialintegrity
• Chinahasahistoryofsocialunrestleadingtorevolu7on
TheidealInternetisawalledgardenthatpromotesgrowthandsocialstability
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• China’svisionoftheInternetandopenness
• Structureofcontrol
• Ver?calintegra?onofcontrol
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GeneralPrinciplesofControl
• Pushresponsibilityandimplementa7ondownward
• Createmul7pleleverstoenablefine‐grainedcontrol
• Relyonthepanop7conanddeterrence
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Organiza?onalcontrolstructureincludesParty,government,andquangos
Notes:“TugofWaroverChina’sCyberspace,”ChinaHumanRightsDefenders,March13,2009
• Three‐partstructurewithoverlappingjurisdic7onsandresponsibili7es
• Powerdelegateddownwardandoutward
• LargeroleplayedbyBeijingPartyandgovernmentorgansduetobasingofmajorna7onalcommercialwebsitesandISPsinBeijing
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Regulatorybodiesuseavarietyoftoolsofcontrol• Licenses,registra7ons,andpermits
– OnlineforumsmustregisterwithMIITandhavestand‐aloneserversplacedinaroomofacompanycer7fiedbyCommunica7onsManagementBureau
– Onlycompaniespar7allyorwhollyownedbythestatecanprovideInternetaudioandvideoservices,andonlywithpermitsfromSARFTandMIIT
• Cyber110‘virtualpolice’icons
• ‘Pointsystem’forcommercialISPsandwebsites
• Strictrulesonwhoisallowedtoprintar7clesfromwhere
• Internalthird‐partymonitoring
Butthegovernmentofenchoosestoactthroughquangosinstead
Policytoolsrangefrombroadguidelinestomicromanagement
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Notes:“TugofWaroverChina’sCyberspace”;TheInternetinChinaWhitePaper,June2010
Policyimplementa?ono6enle6toquangosandsocietySelf‐regula7onconsideredop7malbecauseitis‘voluntary’• InternetSocietyofChina(ISC)PublicPledgesofSelfRegula7onon
professionalethics,pornography,an7‐malicioussofware,blogs,viruses,copyrights
• 233domainnameregistrarssignedacodeofconductattherequestoftheChinaInternetnetworkInforma7onCenter
• BeijingInternetNewsandInforma7onCouncilrequiredpublicapologiesbycompaniesthatbreachedundefinedregula7ons
TheBeijingAssocia7onofOnlineMedia,underdirec7onoftheBeijingIPMO,recruitsci7zenstopolicetheInternet
• “InternetSurveillanceVolunteers”mustreport50itemsof“harmful”informa7oneachmonthwithURLsandscreenshots
• “50‐centgang”ofInternetcommentators“guidepublicopinion”fromasurveillancecenteratBeijingIPMO,with1‐3permajorcommercialwebsite
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Notes:“TugofWaroverChina’sCyberspaces”
Internetmonitoringmechanismreflectspoli?calandsocialstructure
Internetcontrolreliesuponthepanop7coneffectanddeterrenceeffectofhigh‐profilecases
Downwarddelega7onofresponsibilityensuresthatwebsitesandISPshaveanincen7vetomonitortheirusersanderronthesideofcau7on
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Technicalmeansofcensorship:anongoingarmsraceGreatFirewall(GoldenShield)
• Blockwebsitesandports(IPblocking,DNSfilteringandredirec7on)• Restrictkeywordsandsearches(URLfiltering,packetfiltering)• TCPresets• Blockcommercialsubscrip7onVPNs
GreenDamproject(nowabandoned)akemptedtoinstallcensorshipsofwaredirectlyontonewcomputerswhensold
Malwareakacksagainstjournalists,dissidents,NGOs• Spearfishing• Hackingintoemailaccounts
HowtobeMerunderstandtheevolu?onofthearmsraceandarsenal?
Notes:“The10ToolsofOnlineOppressors,”CommikeetoProtectJournalists,May2,2011
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• China’svisionoftheInternetandopenness
• Structureofcontrol
• Ver?calintegra?onofcontrol
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Chinahasver?callyintegratedcontrolalongthevaluechain
Equipmentprovider
• Rela7onshipwithHuawei
Accessprovider
• State‐ownedinfrastructure
• 8.3Mkmoffiber
• $630Bspentfrom1997‐2009onInternetinfrastructure
• 866,367Mbpsbandwidthin2009
Serviceprovider
• 8ISPswithconnec7onstoforeignInternetbackbone,moststate‐owned,e.g.,ChinaTelecom,ChinaUnicom
Applica7ondevelopers
• MostWeb2.0applica7onsblocked,e.g.,Facebook,Twiker
• Favoropensourceplaqorms
• Promo7onofdomes7calterna7ves:Alibaba’sTaobaoandAlipay,Tencent’sQQ,Baidu,Sina’sWeibo.com,Renren.com
• Collabora7onswithothers,e.g.,Facebook
Consumerdevices
• GreenDam• Registra7onofSIMchips
• Registra7onrequiredatInternetcafes
• Listof“ApprovedMediaNewsSources”
• Onlystate‐ownedoutletscanpostInternetvideo
• Internalthird‐partymonitoring
Users
• Arrestsanddisappearancesofbloggersanddissidents
• Akacksonjournalistsanddissidentemailaccounts
• Onlinesurveillance:‘BigMamas’,110Cyberpolice,50‐centgang
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Notes:“TugofWaroverChina’sCyberspace”;TheInternetinChinaWhitePaper
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