ECOSYSTEMS
• The living community of plants and animals in any area together with the non-living components of the environment such as soil, water, air constitute the ecosystem.
• TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM : 1.NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS.
2.ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS.
• NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS :(a)Terrestrial(b) Aquatic includes freshwater and marine water.
• 2.ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS.These include agriculture and aquaculture which are human engineered.
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM1.BIOTIC 2. ABIOTIC
BIOTIC COMPONENTS :(a) Producers/Autotrophs.(b) Consumers: primary,secondary,tertiary(c) Decomposers/saprophytes.ABIOTIC COMPONENTS : These include the
non-living components of the environment such as light, temperature, humidity , water, soil.
• Plant insect frog(producer) (primary consumer)
(secondary consumer) Snake
(tertiary consumer) Eagle
(decomposers) Microbes
FOOD CHAINS
The transfer of food energy from producers, through series of consumers (herbivores and carnivores) to decomposers with repeated eating and being eaten is known as food chain.
• FUNCTIONS :-flow of energy of the ecosystem.-flow of nutrients.-flow of biomass.
DEMERIT OF FOOD CHAINAlong with the nutrients, biomass and energy
it also transports toxic substances from one organism to another which finally leads to the BIOMAGNIFICATION.DDT was banned due to its harmful effects on birds. It hindered the formation of egg shells.
FOOD WEB
The inter-linking of different food chains with one another forms a food web.
Trees,grasses,vegetation
Grasshopper Rabbit Mouse
Lizard Snake
Hawk
Decomposers
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDThe relationship between producers (autotrophs), herbivore and carnivores at successive trophic levels in terms of their number, biomass and energy present at any one time in the level.TYPES :
(a) Pyramid of numbers (b) Pyramid of biomass(c) Pyramid of energy
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS FOR GRASSLANDS
HAWKS
SNAKE, LIZARD
RABBIT, GRASSHOPPER
GRASSLANDS
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEM
LIONS,TIGERS
SNAKES,BEERS,WOLF
ALL ANIMALS DEPENDING UPON TREES
TREES
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS FOR PARASITIC FOODCHAIN
PARASITES
ALL HERBIVORES
PLANTS
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS FOR FORESTS/GRASSLANDS
CARNIVOR
ES
HERBIVORES
PRODUCERS
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS FOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
LARGE FISH
SMALL FISH
PHYTOPLANKTON
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
CARNIVORES
HERBIVORES
PRODUCERS
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