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Intonationrefers to the use of melody and includes rise and fall of the voice when speaking

PITCH

the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.

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Tonic Syllables and Tone UnitsTo be able to analyze intonation, an utterance can be split into segments. The one with the largest syllable is referred to as the tone - unit.

A TONE UNIT refers to a sequence of accented syllables, one or more of which are prominent.

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GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION

Example: My friend ,who is on vacation in Egypt now , has just phoned me .

We may convert a statement into a question simply by changing the pitch from falling into rising.

Example: Don’t you like it ? Don’t you like it!

It allows hearer to distinguish between defining and non-defining relative clauses

It serves to make distinction between questions and exclamations.

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THE FALL is used:1. In AFFIRMATIVE sentences Ex. This is a book. Today is Monday.2. In NEGATIVE sentences Ex: I don t like milk. He can ´t play the piano.3.In IMPERATIVE sentences. Ex: Close the window . Bring me that book.4. In SPECIAL ( wh- ) questions Ex: What is your name? Where do you live?5. In the second part of ALTERNATIVE questions Ex: Is this a pen or a pencil?6. In the first part of TAG questions Ex: You are very happy , aren’t you? 7. In GREETINGS: Ex: Good morning. How do you do? It is nice to meet you.The rising intonation indicates that the idea is incomplete. To complete the message, the speaker has to use falling intonation.

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Attitudinal function of intonation

Attitude can be expressed through prosodic elements: the speed of speech

loudnessvoice quality

Intonation helps us express emotions and attitudes as we speak, and this loads spoken language with a special meaning. It is often called the attitudinal function of intonation

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Intonation may express our attitude toward what is said:Ex: I got married last month . - Oh, did you?

Ex. You drop a cake and say: GREAT !

In EFL class teacher should be aware of explaining

the function of “attitude” for the appropriate choice of

correct intonation pattern, since the same sentence

may be uttered in different ways.

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The relationship between intonation and discourse can beanalyzed from two points of view:

The discourse function of intonation is used to describe the relationship between linguistic elements and the context in which it occurs.

DISCOURSE AND INTONATION

How the intonation focuses the listener’s attention on aspects of the message

The regulation of conversational behavior

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Referring tone and Proclaiming toneA proclaiming tone is an intonation pattern that either rises and then falls, or just falls.

A proclaiming tone shows that the speaker is giving new information.

A referring tone is an intonation pattern which shows that the speaker is referring to something everybody already knows.

Example: In the sentence “That guy we met at the party ismy new teacher”, there is a referring tone on “That guy we met at the party” because it is not new information.

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ACCENTUAL function of Intonation

ACCENTED SYLLABLE

Ex: John likes FISH (not chicken!).

This is the bus FROM Paris (not TO Paris).

She is wearing a RED dress today (not green, or blue).