© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts22
What the hell is 5G anyway?
[email protected] @drdavidricketts
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts4
Tajit Mehta - Spectrum and its application to 5G and the
Power of Massive MIMO
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts6 6
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts7
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts8
Shahzad Ansari, Raghu Garud, Inter-generational transitions in socio-technical systems: The case of mobile communications, Research Policy, Volume 38, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 382-392
EDGE
2.5G
UMTS
3G
GSM
2G
NMT
1G
SI
TREND2000
384
128
64.4
64.4
33.6
23.8
14.4
9.6
1981 1992 2003 2005 2010
Resource Invested Time
Kbps
SITREND
Sustaining Innovation
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts10 10
There is no 5G!
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3GPP Standards – That is the only “Real” thing
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“2G” “3G” “4G” “5G”
The only “Real” thing:
Telco industry simply “maps” the next “G” to the next 10 years of standards!
3GPP standards
Cellular Evolution (from the almost beginning)
NOTE: 5G still has Rel-17 and Rel-18 to go….what will they be?
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Example of Generation Change
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Tajit Mehta - Spectrum and its application to 5G and the Power of Massive MIMO
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Let’s start from 4G….
“4G”
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Let’s start from 4G….
• What was new:
▪VOIP - Fundamentally different than 3G
▪Uses Internet Protocols
▪Very Fast: 100 MB/s mobile and 1GB/s stationary
▪You could finally watch videos on your phone!!
▪Better coverage in cities (Multi-path mitigation)
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How? What were the new technologies?
• IP (internet protocol)
• Carrier Aggregation
• OFDM
• MIMO
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How? What were the new technologies?
• IP (internet protocol)
• Carrier Aggregation
• OFDM
• MIMO
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Carrier Aggregation
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Carrier Aggregation
• The idea: If Jamie isn’t using his connection to the cell tower,
why don’t I use mine and his, and double my speed?
▪Why not then use Mary’s?
▪Tim’s?
▪Owen’s?
• 4G allows one person to use 5 simultaneous cell connections
(when they aren’t being used by others)
• No Carrier Aggregation uses multiple channels (requencies)
• Up to 5x the data rate!!
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How? What were the new technologies?
• IP (internet protocol)
• Carrier Aggregation
• OFDM
• MIMO
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OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
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A bad night for me in Uber in Sydney…..
GPS signal couldn’t make it between
buildings…..
Uber drove in a circle 5 times before I got out
and walked the rest of the way!
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MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
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https://www.slideshare.net/ShreeKrupa1/multichannel-
fading
Multi-path – Different loss with different path
(Solve this later – with MIMO)
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts27
http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/cd
ma-transmission-model-30134774.aspx
Multi-path – Different time of arrival from different paths
Transmit:
The brown cow jumped overs the lazy fox
Can’t figure out which order words
were supposed to be in!
t1
The
brown
Receive (simultaneously)
The
The
Thebrown
brown
brown
t2
Variation in path delay is roughly the same as word length
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts28
http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/cd
ma-transmission-model-30134774.aspx
OFDM – Stretch each word out N times longer
Transmit:
The brown cow jumped overs the lazy fox
Receive
t1
Transmit N time more words (sentences)
Same throughput – but robust to multipath
t2
Path delay is much smaller than word length
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts29
How? What were the new technologies?
• IP (internet protocol)
• Carrier Aggregation
• OFDM
• MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
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MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
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MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
• Uses multiple SPATIAL paths to send parallel information
▪Carrier aggregation used same path, just different radio channels
• If there was a blocking or bad path, MIMO gives another
antenna path to reach phone.
• This is sometimes called “diversity”
• Better coverage in 4G!!
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MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
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MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
• Uses multiple SPATIAL paths to send parallel information
▪Carrier aggregation used same path, just different radio channels
• If 4 antennas send four streams of data
▪4 receive antennas would receive all at the same time and
couldn’t tell which is which…unless…
▪The path of each antenna was different, then if the radio knew the
paths, it could figure out the different information.
▪Multi-path is our friend!
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MIMO- Needs Multi-Path!!
MIMO-Shmino
I don’t give a damn
MIMO=fast
Love all those buildings
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts36
What is 5G?
• To start with….
• Its more of the same! (A lot more!)
▪Carrier aggregation goes from 5 to 32
▪MIMO becomes..
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts38 38
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts39
More spectrum –> more frequencies free & more
BANDWIDTH (wider more frequencies to transmit on)
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Bandwidth is King!
( )logC BW SNR=
Claude Shannon
Really famous equation…
C=Capacity (data rate)
BW=bandwidth
Log(SNR)=boring
More bandwidth = faster data!
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts42
Small Cell & Mesh Radio – building a dense network
• 4G required mobile to tower connection.
• 5G introduces Mesh networks, where smaller nodes
can be intermediaries
• Other phones maybe relay nodes
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© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts44
MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts45 45
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts46
Quick physics question?
1 ns = 30 cm, 1 GHz (Cell channel)
0.1 ns = 3 cm, 3 GHz (5G channel)
0.033 ns = 1 cm=10 mm, 30 GHz
(5G channel – millimeter waves)
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Beamforming
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Beamforming – Change the ‘Phase’ of each antenna in
an array (phased array)
1D 2D
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Beamforming
Moving
BeamformerReceiver
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Tajit Mehta - Spectrum and its application to 5G and the
Power of Massive MIMO
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Latency
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Latency
• Human voice needs <150 ms seconds of latency
• When 4G was setup, there wasn’t a need for ultra-short
latency, so the way they designed the organization of
information was in a stream that had inherently 10ms+
latency. Typical is actually 80 ms –
▪ that is < 1/10th of a second.
▪You can’t hear it
▪Your video doesn’t care as it buffers
▪Who does care….things that need to be controlled live!
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts53
So what is 5G?
• Carrier Aggregation (4G +)
• OFDM (4G)
• Massive MIMO (4G +)
• Relays and mesh networks (New)
• Latency (New)
• MM-wave (New)
• Beam forming (New)
• Other….remember, we have 10 years of 5G, new standards Rel-17, 18 to come
will create new features and benefits!
© 2019 Dr. David S. Ricketts @drdavidricketts54 54
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