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Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae
&&Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone
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(33 Vertebrae):
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 Coccygeal
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
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Curvatures of VCCurvatures of VC
Primary Curves:
- Occur During fetal development
- Concave anteriorly
- Thoracic & Sacral
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Secondary CurvesSecondary Curves
Concave posteriorly
- Cervical curvature:
As the child starts to holdhis head up
- Lumbar curvature:
As the child begins to walk& assumes upright posture
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Abnormal CurvaturesAbnormal Curvatures
KyphosisKyphosis (hunch back)(hunch back)
LordosisLordosis (hollow back)(hollow back)
ScoliosisScoliosis (curved back)(curved back)
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IV DiscsIV Discs
2 parts:
Annulus fibrosus (fibrous):
Concentric layers of fibrocartilage
Strengthens the disc, & protects
the central part
Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous):
Central core of the disc
More elastic (water)
Shock absorber
Avascular
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IV LigamentsIV Ligaments
1. Ant. longitudinal ligament:
Strong broad lig.
Connects the anterolateral aspectsof V. bodies
Ligaments between Vertebral BodiesLigaments between Vertebral Bodies
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2. Posterior longitudinal
ligament:Thinner & weaker than ant. lig.
Extends on middle part ofposterior aspects of the
vertebral bodies
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Ligaments between arches & processesLigaments between arches & processes
1. Ligamentum flavum:
Between laminae, elastic
2. Intertransverse lig.
between transverse
3. Interspinous lig.
between spines
4. Supraspinous lig.
Between tips of spines
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5. Nuchal Ligament:
(nucha: back of the neck)
From external occipitalprotuberance & ??
To spines of cervical vertebrae
Merge with supraspinous lig.
inferiorly
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Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae
7 vertebrae:C3-C6 = typical
C1, C2 & C7 = atypical
Characteristics of typical C.V.:
1. small body (rectangular)
2. transverse foramina (v.a.)
*exception: C7
3. short bifid spinous process* exception: C7 (longest s.p.)
4. large triangular V. foramen
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Atlas (C1)Atlas (C1)
1st cervical V. (ring-like bone)
Named afterGreek myth.Atlas
Communicates:
sup.: skull (atlanto-occipital j.)inf.: axis (atlanto-axial j.)
Characteristics:
1. no body
2. no spinous process
3. ant. & post. arches
4. 2 lateral masses
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Axis (C2)Axis (C2)
2nd cervical vertebra
*Odontoid process (dens= tooth):
binds to atlas at A-A joint
(hence the name= axis)
* Dens represents the bodyof atlas
that has fusedwith bodyof axis
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AtlantoAtlanto--Occipital JointOccipital Joint
Type:
condyloid synovial joint
Articulations:
lat. Masses of atlas&
occipital condyles
Movement:
1. flexion & extension
(nodding of head, yes)
2. lateral flexion
(bending of head)
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AtlantoAtlanto--Occipital JointOccipital Joint
Supporting Ligaments:
1. Ant. atlanto-occipital memb.
Ant. arch of atlas
A
nt. margin of F. magnum
2. Post. atlanto-occipital memb.
Post. arch of atlas
??
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AtlantoAtlanto--Axial JointsAxial Joints
3 joints:
2 lateral A-A joints:
lat. Masses of atlas
&
Sup. Facets of axis
MedianA-A joint:
Ant. arch of atlas (ant.)
&
Dens of axis
&
Trans. Lig. of atlas (post.)
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Supporting Ligaments:
Cruciate Lig.: (3 lig.)
Trans. Lig. of atlas
sup. & inf. longitudinal lig.
Apical Lig.:
tip of dens to ant. margin ofF. magnum
Alar Lig.s:
sides of dens to lateralmargins of F. magnum
Tectorial Memb.:
sup. continuation of post.longitudinal lig.
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Rupture of Transverse Lig. ofAtlasRupture of Transverse Lig. ofAtlas
Trans. Lig. rupture
Atlanto-axial subluxation
(displacement of dens posteriorly)
1. Inj. To upper cervical region ofSC
Quadriplegia
2. Inj. To medulla oblongata
death(more common scenario)
Usual cause ofdeath in
Whiplash Injures
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Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone
U-shaped bone inf. to mandible
ant. upper cervical region
Part of axial Sk.
Body
2 Greater horns
2 Lesser horns
Forms a base for the tongue
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MuscularAttachments of HyoidMuscularAttachments of Hyoid
yoidbone is suspendedin its position by ligaments &muscular attachments
Ant. Sup.:
mandible (geniohyoid, mylohyoid, ant. digastric)
Post. Sup.:
temporal bone (stylohyoid, post. digastric)
Ant.
Inf.:
sternum (sternohyoid, sternothyroid & thyrohyoid)
Post. Inf.:
scapula (omohyoid)
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