4-1Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
Communication
Chapter 4
4-2Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
Learning Objectives
Explain the basic communication process and define cross-cultural communication
Understand how language affects communication and how different cultures use the four styles of verbal communication
Discuss various types of nonverbal communication
4-3Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
Learning Objectives (cont.)
Enhance your cross-cultural communication skills
Identify major barriers to communicating cross-culturally
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Communication
The process of transmitting thoughts or ideas from one person to another
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The Communication Process
Thought Encoding Transmitting Receiving Decoding Understanding
Noise
Feedback
Sender Receiver
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Cross-Cultural Communication Differences
Language Usage
Verbal Communication Styles
Nonverbal Communication
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Major Characteristics of the Four Verbal Styles
VerbalStyle Variation
MajorCharacteristic
CulturesWhere Found
Direct Vs. Indirect
Elaborate Vs. Succinct
Direct
Indirect
Elaborate
Exacting
Succinct
Message is more explicit
Message is more implicit
Quantity of talk is relatively high
Quantity of talk is moderate
Quantity of talk relatively low
Individualistic, low-context
Collective, high-context
Moderate uncertainty avoidance, high-context
Low uncertainty avoidance, low-context
High uncertainty avoidance, high-context
Major Characteristics of the Four Verbal Styles (cont.)
VerbalStyle Variation
MajorCharacteristic
CulturesWhere Found
Personal Vs. Contextual
Instrumental Vs. Affective
Personal
Contextual
Instrumental
Affective
Focus on speaker “personhood”
Focus of role of speaker, role relationships
Language is goal oriented, sender focused
Language is process oriented, receiver focused
Low power distance, individualistic, low context
High power distance, collective, high-context
Individualistic, low-context
Collective, high-context
Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 4-8
4-9Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
Forms of Nonverbal CommunicationKinesicsKinesics Communication through body movements,
including facial expression, gestures, and posture
OculesicsOculesics Communication through eye contact and gaze
HapticsHaptics Communication through the use of body contact
ProxemicsProxemics Communication through the use of space
ChronemicsChronemics Communication through the use of time within a
culture
ChromaticsChromatics Communication through the use of colors
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Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication
Culture
Perception
Experience
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Convergence or Divergence?
Increasing ease of communication
Widespread use of English
Similar words and concepts in different languages
Number of different languages
Barriers to cross-cultural communication
4-12Copyright 1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
Implications for Managers
Cross-cultural communication a critical skill
Awareness of differences can improve communication skill
Important to learn other languages
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