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UMTS Technology and comparison with GSM 2G and 2.5G Evolution to UMTS
UMTS Standards & Specifications
Evolution of data services
3G Services and Applications Circuit Switched Services
Packet Switched Services
Message Services
Network Architecture, Interfaces & Signaling protocols of UMTS Network Architecture of UMTS
Network elements used within RAN
Main functions of RNC, Core, IN
IMS Concept
Signaling Protocols of UMTS
Recap
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Agenda1. ..
2. .
a) .b) .
UTRAN functionality and working principle WCDMA Basics
Power, FDD, TDD and Cell Characteristics
Scrambling code and channelization code concept.
Structure of UMTS air interface, Modulation, Transport,
Physical and Logical channels
Radio Resource management
HSDPA and HSUPA concepts
Traffic Management in UMTS Databases used in UMTS Network
Subscriber addressing information
Identities related to subscriber in UMTS
Procedures used to maintain mobility management in the Network. Procedures done when mobile gains access to the network
Transport technologies in UMTS
Concepts of PDH
Concepts of SDH
IP and ATM Basics
Agenda
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UMTS Functionality & Working Principle
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WCDMA Basics
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Radio Path Basics: FDMA
The first generation of the mobilesystems used the Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (FDMA) technique.
The radio spectrum is divided into afixed number of channels on differentfrequencies and of a fixed bandwidth
UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals
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Radio Path Basics: TDMA
As systems evolved from analogue todigital, the same frequency could beshared by many users.
This lead to the evolution of 2G
mobile systems that used the TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA)technique.
In a TDMA mobile system, eachchannel at a particular frequency isdivided into timeslots.
As a result, multiple subscribers canuse the same frequency tocommunicate.
UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals
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Radio Path Basics: CDMA
CDMA functions are much like ourparty.
The CEO hosting the party is ourBase Station (BS) and the guests arethe Mobile Stations (MS).
The different languages correspondto codes in a CDMA system.
The BS can tell the mobiles apart,even though they are transmitting atthe same time, by the codes that theyuse.
UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals
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CDMA Technique
The number of subscribers who sharethe same frequency are limited by:
the number of codes and
the amount of interference in theregion of coverage called a cell.
The subscriber may use variable bitrates to transfer data.
Subscribers need more frequency totransfer data.
UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals
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The following two techniquescan be used for CDMAsequencing:
1. Frequency Hopping (FH)Sequencing In this technique theinformation to be transmitted is located
in different parts of the frequency bandas a function of time, according to acertain hopping sequence.
2. Direct Sequencing (DS) - In case
of DS, the information to be transferredis spread all over the defined frequencyband as a function of time, and itappears similar to background noise.
CDMA Sequencing
CDMA Sequencing Techniques
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Relationship between Frequency,Power, and Spreading Factor
The block is a variable, its volumeis constant, only the sizes of theedges change.
Therefore, you can calculate the
volume as follows: Volume of block = L X B X H
Here, length is the frequency bandwhich is constant for WCDMA as 5MHz breadth is the spreading factorand height is the power.
The volume of the block is constantbefore and after transmission of thedata.
UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals - WCDMA
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WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading.
Spreading process is done by directly combining the basebandinformation to high chip rate binary code.
Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
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Spreading factor value) Symbol rate (ksymbol/s) Channel bit rate (kb/s)
256 15 15
128 30 30
64 60 60
32 120 120
16 240 240
8 480 480
4 960 960
Spreading factorsymbol ratebit rate relationshipin the uplink direction
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Spreading factorsymbol ratebit rate relationshipin the downlink direction
Spreading factor value) Symbol rate (ksymbol/s) Channel bit rate (kb/s)
512 7.5 15
256 7.5 30
128 30 60
64 60 120
32 120 240
16 240 480
8 480 960
4 960 1,920
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Frequency Division DupluexingTime Division Duplexing
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The WCDMA Carrier Bandwidths defined for the WCDMA, 5, 10, and 20 MHz.
5 MHz is the most commonly used bandwidth.
10 and 20 MHz alternatives will provide more capacity, but the occupancies occurringin the desired frequency band set some limits.
WCDMA Carrier
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UMTS FDD mode makes use of Frequency Division Duplexing
In the case of UMTS in Europe: The Uplink band is between
1.92 and 1.98GHz
The Downlink band is between
2.11 and 2.17GHz
The Uplink/Downlink Separation
is 190MHz
Principles of Radio Duplex: FDD
Downlink and Uplink Bandwidth in FDD
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Frequency Division Duplexing
1.8
GHZ
1.85
GHZ
1.9
GHZ
1.95
GHZ
2.0
GHZ
2.05
GHZ
2.1
GHZ
2.15
GHZ
2.2
GHZ
1.92
GHZ
1.98
GHZ
2.11
GHZ
2.17
GHZ
UMTS
UPLINK
UMTS
DOWNLINK
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
190 MHz
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FDD Air Interface
Parameter Value
Multiple Access Scheme Direct Sequence CDMA
Duplex Method FDD
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps
Carrier Spacing 5 Mhz
Frame Length 10 msSlot per Frame 15
No. of Chips/Slot 2560 Chips(max.2560 bits)
Inter-Cell Synchronization None
Spreading Factor Variable ( 4-512)
Uplink SF 4-256
Downlink SF 4-512
User Data Rate 8->384 Kbps
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TDD supports variableasymmetry, which allows
operators to decide the capacitythat they want to allot to downlinkversus uplink servers.
This improves the effectivenessof the available spectrumresources because data trafficpatterns tend to heavily favordownlink.
Principles of Radio Duplex: TDD
Downlink and Uplink Bandwidth in TDD
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1. UMTS TDD Solutions provideenhanced performance by
supporting peak downlink sectorcapacities of up to 12Mbps.Even the average capacities persector provided by UMTS TDDare thrice as high when
compared to other commercialmobile platforms.
2. UMTS TDD solutions are costeffective when compared to
other technologies and thesecosts will reduce further whenthis globally accepted standardis produced at a higher scale.
Advantages of UMTS TDD
3. UMTS TDD improves spectralefficiency with the help of its N=1
frequency reuse standard. Thisstandard allows networkoperators to deploy a network thatuses multiple towers using onlyone 5 MHz RF channel for a 3.84
Mcps (Mega Chip per second)system or one 10 MHz channelfor a 7.68 Mcps system.
4. UMTS TDD subscribers alsobenefit from better connectivity
within the network footprint whilethey are mobile and traveling at aspeed more than 120 km/hr.UMTS TDD supports Tower-to-tower handoff as well as network-
to-network roaming.
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Spreading, Scrambling & Channelization
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Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
Spreading includes two operations: Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) - using orthogonal codes
Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) using pseudo noise codes
Spreading in WCDMA
Channelization code (SF)
Data
Bit rate Chip rate Chip rate
Scrambling Code
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Channelization codes are orthogonal codes
These are based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
They are of length 4 - 512 chips long (1.04-133.34s) depending on thechannel and required bit rate of the service.
Channelization codes are used for channel separation both in uplink anddownlink direction.
In DL, it can separate different users within one cell/sector. Channelization codes have different spreading factor values and
therefore different symbol rates.
The channelization code length is one symbol.
Channelization Codes
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SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
ch,1,0 = (1)
ch,2,0 = (1,1)
ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
ch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Channelization Code Tree
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In the scrambling process the code sequence is multiplied with apseudorandom scrambling code.
Only one primary scrambling code is allocated for a cell.
The scrambling code can be a long code or a short code Code period is of 10 ms
Gold Code with 10 ms period or short code S(2) code
In the downlink, scrambling codes are used to reduce the inter-basestation interference
In the downlink direction, always long scrambling codes are used.
In the uplink direction, there are millions of scrambling codes available.
All uplink channels may use either short or long scrambling codes
Long codes are used if the base station uses the RAKE receiver.
Scrambling Code
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Codes Channelization code Scrambling code
Usage
Uplink: Separation of physicaldata and control channels fromthe same terminalDownlink: Separation ofdownlink dedicated userchannels
Uplink: Separation ofterminalsDownlink: Separation ofsectors (cell)
LengthVariable (depends on the userallocation)
Fixed
Numberof codes
Depends on the spreadingfactor (SF)
Uplink: Several millionsDownlink: 512
Scrambling and Channelization Codes
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Difference between the Channelization and Scrambling codes
Scrambling and Channelization Codes
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In WCDMA, the terminal employs a RAKE receiver to handle Multipathpropagation.
The RAKE consists of receivers, adjustable-by-system delayfunctionality, code generator, and gain and phase tuning equipment.
Rake Receiver
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Simplified Block Diagram of the RAKE Receiver
Rake Receiver
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UMTS Air Interface
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Preparing the Data and Signaling for the UMTS Air Interface (Uu)
UMTS Air Interface Overview
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One basic frame is divided into15 slots, with each slot
measuring 2/3 ms in length.
The frame length is 10 ms. Thistiming structure is mainlyrequired for the synchronization
Signal arrangements does notimpact the Channelization
Every WCDMA frame isnumbered by the System FrameNumber (SFN) according to the3GPP specifications.
This has been done to ensurethe inter-operability betweenGSM and WCDMA.
DS-WCDMA-FDD Frame
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Chip
A chip is a bit of the code signal usedfor signal multiplication.
The chip rate used in WCDMA is3.84Mcps
This leads to a carrier bandwidth ofapproximately 5MHz
This chip rate can be generatedsimply from existing GSM clock rates
The size of one chip in time is 1 / 3840 000 seconds
Air Interface: Chip and Symbol
Symbol
A symbol is a data unit transmittedover the Air Interface.
In the downlink transmission, eachsymbol represents two bits.
Bits can be represented as a tuple(x1, y2).
In the tuple, x1 and y2 each representone bit.
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WCDMA Channels
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Channel Organization in UMTS
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There are three types of channels across the air interface and accessstratum that we are interested in:
Logical Channels Between the RLC and MAC layers
Transport Channels Between the MAC and Physical layers
Physical Channels
Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE
UMTS Air Interface Channel Structure
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Control Channels BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
CCCH Common Control Channel
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
Traffic Channels
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
CTCH Common Traffic Channel
Major Logical Channels
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The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Its a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information
The Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Its a downlink channel that transfers paging information
The Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Its a bi -directional channel transmitting control information between UEs and theUTRAN
The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Its a point -to-point bidirectional channel transmitting control information between a
specific UE and the UTRAN
Logical Control Channels
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The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Its a point -to-point channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user
Information
The Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) Its a point -to-point unidirectional channel for transfer of user information to a group of
UEs
Logical Traffic Channels
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Common Control Channels BCH Broadcast Channel
FACH Forward Access Channel
PCH Paging Channel
RACH Random Access Channel
CPCH Common Packet Channel
Dedicated Channels DCH Dedicated Channel
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel
Major Transport Channels
C T Ch l
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The Broadcast Channel (BCH) Its a cell -wide channel that is used to broadcast system and cell-specific information.
The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
The Forward Access Channel (FACH) Its a downlink channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the
system knows the location cell of the UE. May also carry short user packets.
The Paging Channel (PCH)
Its a cell -wide channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when thesystem does not know the location cell of the UE
The Random Access Channel (RACH) Its an uplink control channel from the UE. May also carry short user packets
The Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Its a contention based uplink channel used for transmission of burst data traffic.
Common Transport Channels
D di t d T t Ch l
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The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Its a downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic
data.
The Dedicated Channel (DCH) Its a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.
Dedicated Transport Channels
M j Ph i l Ch l f UMTS
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Common Control Channels P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel (DL)
S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel (DL)
CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL)
AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL) PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL)
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL)
AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)
Major Physical Channels for UMTS
M j Ph i l Ch l f UMTS
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Dedicated Channels
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL)
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)
Major Physical Channels for UMTS
C Ph i l Ch l f UMTS
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The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH) It is used to carry broadcast information across the cell
The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH) It is used to carry paging and forward access information across the cell
The Primary-Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) It is used during cell search to provide timing information
The Secondary-Synchronization Channel (S-SCH) It is used during cell search to provide information about
the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
It is used to provide the phase reference for downlink channels
Common Physical Channels for UMTS
how toget
synchronised?
C Ph i l Ch l f UMTS
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The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) It is used to acknowledge random access requests
The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) It is used to enable discontinuous reception of the SCPCCH
The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) It carries traffic to one or more users
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Its a contention based channel used for random access and to transmit small packets
of information
The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Its an extension to the RACH used to carry larger packets of information on the uplink
The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
It is used to indicate the reception of a preamble signature for Random Access
The Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) It is used to indicate collisions and channel assignment for packet access
Common Physical Channels for UMTS
D di t d Ch l
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The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) It is used to carry user information
The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) It is used to carry dedicated control information regarding its associated DCHs
Dedicated Channels
FDD d L i l d T t Ch l DL
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FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel DL
BCCHBroadcast Control Channel,(system information)
PCCHPaging Control Channel(paging & notification)
CCCHCommon Control Channel(control information withoutRRC connection)
DCCHDedicated Control Channel(power control, TFI, etc.)
DTCHDedicated Traffic Channel(user data)
Logical Channels (content)
BCH
Broadcast Channel,
PCHPaging Channel
FACHForward Access Channel
DSCHDownlink Shared Channel
DCHDedicated Channel
Transport Channels
dedicatedtransportchannels
common
transportchannels
FDD mode Logical and Transport Channel UL
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FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel UL
CCCH
Common Control Channel(control information withoutRRC connection)
DCCHDedicated Control Channel
(power control, TFI, etc.)
DTCHDedicated Traffic Channel(user data)
Logical Channels (content)
RACH
Random AccessChannel
CPCHCommon Packet Channel
DCHDedicated Channel
Transport Channels
dedicatedtransportchannels
commontransportchannels
DS WCDMA FDD Channels
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DS-WCDMA-FDD Channels
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HSDPA & HSUPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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HSDPA is the first evolutionary step for the 3GPP WCDMA architecture
It is specified in the Release 5 of the 3GPP standards.
HSDPA enhances the peak download data rate from the current 384kbps up to a theoretical maximum downloading peak rate of 14.4 Mbps.
In RAS05 the maximum supported peak downloading rate is 1.8 Mbps.
The increase in the downlink data rate and the actual cell throughput aredue to three main factors:
adaptive modulation and coding
fast scheduling
fast retransmission.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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The introduction of HSDPA to the 3G network mainly affects the RadioAccess Network, which consists of the Base Station (BTS), the RNC,
and the UE. The basic functionality of HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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The Data Rate in HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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Adaptive Modulation in HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Quest
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
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High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) defines a new radiointerface for the uplink communication.
HSUPA was introduced in Release 6.
HSUPA is also known as FDD Enhanced uplink or E-DCH.
Following key features are introduced with HSUPA to achieve this: A new dedicated uplink channel Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
Introduction of HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Retransmission request )
Fast Node B Scheduling in uplink - introduction of MAC
Support of Macro diversity ( Soft Handover) Shorter TTI of 2 ms
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
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Benefits of the HSUPA
The user data rates, the delay properties, the cell throughput and the
cell coverage are important properties that partly characterize theefficiency of the mobile network system.
The HSUPA is designed to improve all these properties and thus enableimproved user experience that brings added value for end users andnetwork operators.
The coverage gain is between 0.5 and 1.5 decibels.
In the HSUPA, the half rate, three to- four ratio rate and four-to-four ratiocoding rates are defined by the 3GPP specifications.
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Introduction to High Speed Uplink Packet Access
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Transmission in HSUPA
Introduction to High Speed Uplink Packet Access
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UMTS Traffic Management
Databases Used in Traffic Management
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Databases Used in Traffic Management
Temporary subscriber identities
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Temporary subscriber identities
UMTS Traffic Bearer Classes
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UMTS Traffic Bearer Classes
Characteristics of a Bearer
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The following figure describes the Network Bearer:
The following figure explains data and speech is routed through the
bearer:
Characteristics of a Bearer
Characteristics of a Bearer
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Managing the Bearer Through The Network
The UMTS network is responsible for establishing a flexible bearer for
subscriber data transport between the Mobile Terminal (MT) and theexternal networks.
The following figure explains the QoS management in the control plane:
Characteristics of a Bearer
Types of bearer
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A bearer has different parameters, such as variable data rates,protection and delay.
The bearer is dependent on the service required.
RNC makes the decision about bearer
Types of bearer
Transmission over the network
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Transmission over the network
The above figure demonstrates this transmission through the useof pipes between elements in the network
Bearer Transmission in the Network
Characteristics of a Network Bearer
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The type of the bearer is reserved and the way it is routed through thenetwork depends on the subscriber's service need.
To better understand this concept, consider two examples: Voice Traffic
Internet Connection
Characteristics of a Network Bearer
Characteristics of a Bearer
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Managing the Bearer over UTRAN
The following figure shows how the different RABs are received by the
RNC and combined together to form a single RRC connection:
Characteristics of a Bearer
Management of the radio bearer
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Management of the radio bearer
3G MSC
Mobile has a single RRC
RNC
RNC
RNC3G SGSN
Management of the radio bearer
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a age e t o t e ad o bea e
As the subscriber moves a secondconnection is made for a cell on the
same site (softer handover)
RNC
RNC
RNC
3G SGSN
3G MSC
Management of the radio bearer
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g
As the mobile continues then thefirst link is dropped, and a second
cell is added from another site (softhandover)
NOTE: Those BTS with anactive connection are
known to be part of theactive set.
RNC
RNC
RNC
3G SGSN
3G MSC
Management of the radio bearer
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g
As the mobile continues then the second linkis dropped, and a second cell is added from
another RNC. A soft handover is possible asthe Iur interface exists.
The RNC is known as the serving(S-RNC) and the new RNC is the drift
(D-RNC). Note that the Iu connection isstill from the S-RNC.
RNC
RNC
RNC
3G SGSN
3G MSC
Management of the radio bearer
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g
As the mobile continues, the third connectionis dropped. The S-RNC has no active
connection's itself, so the Iu-RRC connection ismoved to the D-RNC.
RNC
RNC
RNC
3G SGSN
3G MSC
Management of the radio bearer
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g
Finally, the mobile is now in area where the forthconnection is dropped and the new site selected is
under another RNC. The S-RNC does not have an Iurinterface to the target RNC, so the core network isused to assist in the handover.
RNC
RNC
RNC
3G SGSN
3G MSC
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Procedures in UMTS Networks
Basic model of UMTS network transactions
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Paging
RRC Connection Setup
Transaction Reasoning
Authentication and Security
Transaction Setup &
Radio Access Bearer Allocation
Transaction
Transaction Clearing &
Radio Access Bearer Release
RRC Connection Release
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane)
Paging Procedure
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Paging Type 1 is used by CNdomains.
Paging those UEs who are in idlemode (no RRC connection).
g g
Paging Type 2 is used for pagingthose UEs who are in cell
dedicated channel (RRCconnected).
Paging Type 1 Paging Type 2
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
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When a UE needs networkservice, it triggers RRC
connection setup procedure.
The UE sends RRC ConnectionRequest (in message part ofPRACH) from the cell where it
camps.
RNC decides to set up RRCconnection in dedicated channel(DCH) or common channels.
The UE sends RRC ConnectionSetup Complete to the RNC.
p
Transaction setup with RAB allocation
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Simplified Bearer Establishmentfor a Call
It includes RAB Assignment andRAB Release Requestprocedure.
Circuit Switch Domain Packet Switch Domain
RAB allocation is the first stepwhere the different nature of CN
domains has to be taken intoaccount.
RRM Procedure Soft Handover
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Soft Hand Over - link addition
RRM Procedure Soft Handover
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Soft Hand Over - link deletion
CS Inter System Hand Over (ISHO) from theUTRAN to the GERAN
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UTRAN to the GERAN 3GPP specifications define HO between two radio accesses to be a
mandatory requirement of the system.
MM Procedure
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URA updateCell update
UE performs cell update when: Cell reselection.
Periodic cell update. Uplink data transmission. Paging response. Re-entering the service area.
The RNC maintains theregistration of the current URA
for each UE. URA consists of a number of
cells belonging to either oneRNC or several RNCs.
Routing area update to the CN PS domain
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The UEs latest RA differs from the one stored in the USIM, the UE
initiates a Routing Area Update (RAU) transaction.
Packet data transferuplink and downlink
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While moving UE has to first carry out cell update and ensure thatSRNC has the valid location information.
IMS registration procedure
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The objective of IMSregistration is to register and
authorize an IMS user.
Identities used in IMS are: User private identity.
User public identity
Home Network Domain The IP address allocated for the
UE in the visited network.
IMS session establishment
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Consider UE A is on themove and the GPRS
connection terminates at thehome network GGSN).
UE B is located in the homenetwork.
Fig. shows a signalingdiagram of UE A contactingUE B.
IMS Session establishmentstarts with a SIP inviterequest.
User Authentication
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The UE and the network authenticate each other by sending the MMauthentication request message.
UE responds with an MM authentication response message.
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Transport Technologies in UMTS
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PDH
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
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PDH employs PCM multiplexing techniques
PDH is one of the most widely used transmission techniques
The basic rate of data transfer in Europe consists of 32 multiplexed basePCM channels offering 2 Mbps (E-1)
Coaxial cable, optical fibre and radio links are applied for PDH at ratesover 2Mbps
3 different multiplexing standards exist in PDH technology:
1) European Standard: E1s2) North American: T1s
3) Japanese: JT1s
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
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397200 Kbit/s
97728Kbit/s
32064 Kbit/s
274176 Kbit/s
44736 Kbit/s
6312 Kbit/s
1544 Kbit/s
564992 Kbit/s
139264 Kbit/s
34368 Kbit/s
8448 Kbit/s
2048 Kbit/s
64 Kbit/s
X 4
X 3
X 4
X 4
X 4
X 4
X 6X 3
X 3
X 30X 24
X 4
X 5X 7
PDH Multiplexing : 3 Standards
Japanese Standard North AmericanStandard European Standard
primary rate
2. Order
3.
4.
5.
PDH Multiplexing
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CarrierEquipment
PrimaryMux
4th OrderMux
3rd OrderMux
2nd OrderMux
E1 - 2 MB
E4 - 140 MB
E3 - 34 MB
E2 - 8 MB
CarrierEquipment
PrimaryMux
4th OrderMux
3rd OrderMux
2nd OrderMux
E1 - 2 MB
E4 - 140 MB
E3 - 34 MB
E2 - 8 MB
Non standard Non standardEOW
Supervisory
Through channels
DroppedChannels
DroppedChannels
PDH Limitations
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Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream
Insufficient capacity for network management
Most PDH network management is proprietary
There is no standardised definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140
Mbit/s
There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specializedinterface equipment is required to interwork between two hierarchies.
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SDH
Why SDH?
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Provides solution to PDH Problems
First world standard in digital format with optical Interface standardized
Simple drop and insert of traffic channels
(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
Allows mixing of SDH and PDH systems
Backward and forward compatibility: Backward compatibility to existingPDH, Forward compatibility to future B-ISDN, etc.
STM-1 Frame
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RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer
9 261
270 columns (byte)
9rows(b
ytes)
2430 bytes/frame 8 bit/byte 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s
transmitted from top to bottom and left to right
Payload
VC-4
3
5
P
O
H
STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH
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RSOH
MSOH
A U P T R
STM-1 PAYLOAD
261 bytes9 bytes
Section Overhead
9
rows
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}: bytes reserved for national use
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
SDH Hierarchy Formation
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SDH Synchronization & Timing Distribution
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SDH Synchronization & Timing Distribution
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SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Clock Supply Hierarchy
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ATM Basics
Contents
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Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing
Network Transfer Mode
ATM Technology ATM Cell
ATM in 3G Networks
ATM Connections
ATM Switching
Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing
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CACCC
A A
C C C C
A
CACAB
A A
BB B BB B B B
BB BB B
C
ABC
Asynchronous
Multiplexing
SynchronousMultiplexing
C
BB
CC
B
C
Network Transfer Modes
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Synchronous Transfer Mode
Packet Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Synchronous Transfer Mode
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Derived from TDM technology
Divides the physical bandwidth into logical timeslots
Circuit switched networks (voice and leased lines)
Synchronous Transfer Mode
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Benefits: Fixed and guaranteed bandwidth
Low and fixed delay Less delay variation (jitter)
Drawbacks: Waste of physical bandwidth in data networks
No over-subscription in the service provider network
Inflexible bandwidth, not ideal for burst traffic
Maximum number of connection equals maximum number of timeslots
Ideal for uncompressed voice networks
Packet Transfer Mode
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X.25 or Frame Relay technology A DLCI identifies each virtual connection
( DLCI : Destination Link Control ID)
Packet Transfer Mode
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Benefits: Less waste of physical bandwidth in data networks
Over-subscription in the service provider network is possible Guaranteed bandwidth is possible (CIR) Committed Information Rate.
Drawbacks: No guarantees for delay and jitter
Ideal for data networks with less demand of the quality of service
Variable length and delivery of packets Flexible bandwidth
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
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A compromise for voice, data, and video QoS defined/negotiated when the initial connection is made Asynchronous on layer 2 of the OSI reference model
Compromise of STM and PTM
Voice Video Data
ATM cells
48-octetPayload
ATM 53-octet cells areswitched in hardware
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
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Benefits: Over-subscription in the service provider network possible
Guaranteed bandwidth, delay and jitter are possible Proven technology
Drawbacks: Most applications are based on IP instead of ATM
A lot of overhead for IP over ATM
Complicated protocol architecture
Implemented in voice and data networks
Transport layer in 3G networks
What is ATM?
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ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Fast packet switching and multiplexing technology (cell-based )
Support the universe of services voice, video and data traffic
Provides quality of service guarantee and reliability
Offers "bandwidth on demand"
Connection-oriented, no error correction for user traffic error correction for user traffic is handled by the end user
the advantages are increased speed of switching and elimination of associated delay
Utilises statistical multiplexing less bandwidth can be reserved than if bandwidth reservation would be based on the peak rate
of the connections.
transmission cost saving is achieved
Why is ATM used as transport network in 3G?
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ATM provides efficient support for transmission of voice, data, and video
ATM provides QoS guarantee and reliability
ATM utilises statistical multiplexing, so less bandwidth can be reserved
transmission cost saving are considerable
ATM supports the soft handover functionality
ATM Cell
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Header contains routing and error control information
Payload carries the actual user information, either voice, data or video
Header5 bytes
Payload48 bytes
53 bytes
ATM interfaces in 3G network
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UNI User Network InterfaceNNI Network Node Interface
PSTNMGW MSCBSUE
A BIu-CSIubUu
UNI NNI
IP networkGGSN
Iu-PS
NNI
RNC
SGSN
RNCBS
BS
Iur
NNI
UNI
UNI
ATM is employed
Gn Gi
ATM Cell
Provides local functions such as The 1st bit - indicates whether the cell
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GFC Generic Flow ControlVPI Virtual Path IdentifierVCI Virtual Channel Identifier
PT Payload TypeCLP Cell Loss PriorityHEC Header Error Control
User Network Interface (UNI) Network Node Interface (NNI)
VCI
GFC VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI PT CLPHEC
123457 68
VCI
VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI PT CLPHEC
123457 68
Payload Payload
Header(5 bytes)
Payload(48 bytes)
Provides local functions, such asidentifying multiple stations thatshare a single ATM interface
The 1st bit - indicates whether the cellcontains user data or control dataThe 2nd bit - indicates congestion
Indicates two levels of priorityfor ATM cells, CLP=1 should bediscarded in preference to cellswith the CLP=0
ATM Cell Header
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GFC provides local functions.
VPI indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be routed.
VCI identifies a virtual channel over which the cell is to travel.
PT discriminates between a cell carrying management information orone, which is carrying user information.
CLP indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells.
HEC checks for an error and corrects the contents of the header byusing a CRC algorithm.
Coding of the PT field in ATM header
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PT code Interpretation
000 User data cell No congestion More data to come
001 User data cell No congestion Last cell
010 User data cell Congestion More data to come
011 User data cell Congestion Last cell
100 Virtual Channel Segment OAM flow F5
101 Virtual channel end to end OAM flow F5
110 Resource Management Cell
111 Reserved
ATM Virtual Path (VP) and Virtual Channel (VC)
ATM L
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48 bytes5 bytes
HEADER PAYLOAD
ATM cell (53 bytes)
ATM Layer
Transmissionpath
VirtualPath (VP)
Virtual
Channel (VC)ATM Cell
Si lifi d k hi
Advantages of Virtual Path Connections
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Simplified network architecture
Increased network performance and reliability
The network deals with fewer, aggregated entities Segregation of traffic
A form of priority control can be implemented by segregating traffic types requiringdifferent quality of service (QoS)
Reduced processing and short connection setup time
New VCCs can be established by executing simple control functions at the end pointsof the VPC; no call processing is required at transit nodes
it can decrease the connection setup delay
Enhanced network services The user may define closed user groups or closed networks of VC bundles.
Virtual channel and virtual path switching
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VPI 3
VPI 8
VPI 36
VPI 23 VPI 9
VP switch
Port
VCI 9VCI 10
VCI 9VCI 10
VCI 15
VCI 26
VCI 9VCI 10
VC switch
Port
Port
ATM cross-connect (AXC)RNC
C O G CO C C
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VC2 / VP2
VC1 / VP1
ATMswitch
VC1 / VP1
BTS 1
AXC
VC3 / VP3VC3, VC4 / VP4
VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7VC5 / VP5
VC6 / VP6
VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2
VC/VP CROSS-CONNECTION TABLEVC3/VP4 VC3/VP 7VC4/VP4 VC4/VP 7VC5/VP5 VC5/VP 7VC6/VP6 VC6/VP 7
AXC / ATM switch
BTS 2
AXC
BTS 3
AXC
BTS 4
AXC
BTS 5
AXC
BTS 6
AXC
StandaloneAXC
Statistical Multiplexing Gain
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For a group of bursty connections,less bandwidth can be reservedthan if bandwidth reservationwould be based on the peak rate
of the connections
Most of the traffic sources sendbursty traffic and with a highprobability all the sources do notsimultaneously transmit at their
peak rate One of the proposed advantages
of ATM is that statisticalmultiplexing gain can be utilized
Statistical multiplexing gain
Statistical multiplexing Deterministic multiplexing
Requiredbandwidth
Peak cell rate of
traffic type 1
Peak cell rate oftraffic type 2
Peak cell rate oftraffic type 3
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