Sometimes, misleading data are published due to honest errors in statistics or record-keeping or differences in opinion about reporting data
• a. True• b. False
Sometimes, misleading data are published due to honest errors in statistics or record-keeping or differences in opinion about reporting data
• a. True• b. False• A: lecture
Making up data or results and recording or reporting them
• a. plagiarism • b. fabrication• c. falsification• d. all of the above
Making up data or results and recording or reporting them
• a. plagiarism • b. fabrication (lecture)• c. falsification• d. all of the above
• In Asch’s (1951) experiment, participants reported which comparison line was similar to a standard line. When confederates selected the wrong line, some participants also picked the wrong line. Asch suggested that these results likely reflect
• a. informational influence• b. normative influence• c. obedience to authority• d. private influence
• In Asch’s (1951) experiment, participants reported which comparison line was similar to a standard line. When confederates selected the wrong line, some participants also picked the wrong line. Asch suggested that these results likely reflect
• a. informational influence• b. normative influence• c. obedience to authority• d. private influence• B: Lecture
4 Broad Categories of Research
• 1. Descriptive research• 2. Correlational research• 3. Experimental research• 4. Quasi-experimental research
1. Descriptive Research
• Describes the behavior, thoughts, or feelings of a particular group of individuals
1. Descriptive Research
• Describes the behavior, thoughts or feelings of a particular group of individuals
• EX: public opinion polls
1. Descriptive Research
Little effort to relate behavior under study to other variable or examine or explain causes systematically
Foundation for all types of research
3. Experimental Research
• Researcher manipulates one variable to see whether changes in behavior occur as a consequence
• To understand cause and effect
Dependent Variables
• The expected effect of a treatment
• Any aspect of the participants’ behavior that is measured after the experimental treatment
Experimental Control
• The ability of the experimenter to hold theoretically irrelevant factors constant in an experiment
Experimental Realism
• The extent to which events in the experimental setting are credible, involving, and taken seriously by participants
Mundane Realism
• The extent to which experimental events in a controlled setting are similar to events which occur in the “real” world
4. Quasi-Experimental Research
• When cannot control all other factors and cannot manipulate independent variable
• Study event naturally or manipulate variable but do not exert much control
EX: studying the potential role of part-time job on school grades
• Imagine correlational study shows positive and significant relation between these variables
• What about causality?
EX: studying the potential role of part-time job on school grades
• Study students over time – students who naturally fall into a group of part-time workers or full time students
4. Quasi-Experimental Research
• Do not allow same degree of confidence in interpretation as true experiments
Which of 4 research strategies?
• practical concerns (time, $, control over the situation)
• ethical issues (manipulating independent variable)
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
• Experimenters’ expectations can distort the results of an experiment by affecting how they interpret participants’ behavior