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Governance
1. manner of government: the system or
manner of government;
2. state of governing a place: the act or
state of governing a place;
3. authority: control or authority
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ADMINISTRATION
It means the management of the
affairs of a business, organiation, or
institution!
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"O#$RNM$NT
%orms of "overnment&
The principal forms are thefollo'ing&
(!As to number of personse)ercising sovereign po'ers;
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*! As to e)tent of po'ers
e)ercise+ by the central ornational government;
! As to relationship bet'een thee)ecutive an+ the legislative
branches of the government;
4. As to source of power orauthority:
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(! As to number of persons
e)ercising sovereign po'ers&
A. Government by one
A(- Monarchy or one in 'hich
the supreme an+ final authority
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is in the han+s of a singleperson 'ithout regar+ to the
source of his election or the
nature or +uration of his tenure!
Monarchies are further
classifie+ into&
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Monarchy, form of governmentin 'hich one person has thehere+itary right to rule as hea+
of state +uring his or herlifetime; the term is also applie+to the state so governe+!
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Monarchs inclu+e such rulers as
.ings an+ /ueens, emperors an+empresses, tsars, an+ .aisers!
T'o types of Monarchicalgovernment&
(! Absolute Monarchy or one in'hich the ruler rules by +ivineright; an+
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*! 0imite+ monarchy or one in
'hich the ruler rules inaccor+ance 'ith a constitution!
The po'er of the monarchvaries from absolute to verylimite+; the latter is e)emplifie+
in mo+ern1+ay constitutionalmonarchies!
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A* Authoritarianor one in 'hich
the supreme po'er of the+ictator 'hose po'er is usually
through force!1. strict and demanding
obedience: favoring strict rules
an+ establishe+ authority;
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2. demanding politicalobedience: belonging to or
believing in a political system in
'hich obe+ience to the rulingperson or group is strongly
enforce+!
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B. Government by few
2( Aristocracy or one in 'hichpolitical po'er is e)ercise+ by fe'privilege+ class!
1. people of highest social class:people of noble families or thehighest social class
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2. superior group: a group
believe+ to be superior to allothers of the same .in+
3. government by elite:government of a country by asmall group of people,especially a here+itary nobility
. state run by elite: a stategoverne+ by an aristocracy.
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B2 !ligarchy
1. small governing group: a
small group of people 'ho
together govern a nation orcontrol an organiation, often for
their o'n purposes;
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2. entity ruled by oligarchy: anation governe+ or an
organiation controlle+ by an
oligarchy;
3. government by small group:
government or control by asmall group of people!
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"ources of their power:
(!2y birth*! 2y 'ealth! 2y 'is+om
In an aristocracy, although the
po'er of government is 'iel+e+ bya fe', theoretically the
a+ministration of government is
carrie+ on for the 'elfare of themany!
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3henever the interests of the
people as a 'hole are ma+e
subservient to the selfishinterests of the rulers,
aristocracy becomes a form ofgovernment .no'n as oligarchy!
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#. Government by many
#1 $emocracy or one in 'hich
political po'er is e)ercise+ bythe ma4ority of the people! It is
further classifie+ into&
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#1.1 $irect or pure democracyor
one in 'hich the 'ill of the state isformulate+ or e)presse+ +irectlyan+ imme+iately through thepeople in a mass meeting orprimary assembly rather thanthrough the me+ium ofrepresentatives chosen by thepeople to act for them!
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#1.2 %ndirect& representative or
republican democracy or one in'hich the 'ill of the state is
formulate+ an+ e)presse+ through
the agency of a relatively small
an+ select bo+y of persons chosen
by the people to act as theirrepresentatives!
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*! As to e)tent of po'erse)ercise+ by the central ornational government&
A! 'nitarygovernment orone in 'hich the control ofnational an+ local affairs ise)ercise+ by the nationalgovernment;
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2! (ederal government or onein 'hich the po'ers ofgovernment are +ivi+e+
bet'een t'o sets of organs,one for national affairs an+ theother for local affairs, each
organ being supreme 'ithin itso'n sphere!
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Dist! bet! %e+eral 5 6nitary "ov7t
(ederal states, such as the 6!S!an+ S'iterlan+, comprise unions
of states in 'hich the authority ofthe central or national governmentis constitutionally limite+ by thelegally establishe+ po'ers of theconstituent sub+ivisions!
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In unitary states, such asthe 6nite+ 8ing+om an+
2elgium, the constituent
sub+ivisions of the state are
subor+inate to the authority of
the national government!
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9ountries 'ith fe+eral political
systems have both a centralgovernment an+ governmentsbase+ in smaller political units,
usually calle+ states, provinces, orterritories! These smaller politicalunits surren+er some of their
political po'er to the centralgovernment, relying on it to act forthe common goo+!
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In a fe+eral system, la's are
ma+e both by state, provincial, orterritorial governments an+ by acentral government! In the 6nite+
States, for e)ample, people 'holive in the state of Ohio mustobey the la's ma+e by the Ohiolegislature an+ the 9ongress ofthe 6nite+ States!
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%e+eral political systems +ivi+epo'er an+ resources bet'eencentral an+ regional governments!
9entral governments +eci+e issuesthat concern the 'hole country,such as organiing an army,
buil+ing ma4or roa+s, an+ ma.ingtreaties 'ith other countries!
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In unitary systems, 'ith la's givingvirtually all authority to the central
government! The central
government may +elegate +uties tocities or other a+ministrative units,
but it retains final authority an+ can
retract any tas.s it has +elegate+!
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The central government in aunitary systemis much more
po'erful than the centralgovernment in a fe+eral system!
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! As to relationship bet'een the
e)ecutive an+ the legislativebranches of the government&
A! )arliamentary government orcabinet gov*t! is one in 'hich thee)ecutive an+ legislative branch of
the government are +epen+ent ore)ecutive branch is part of thelegislative branch!
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Distinctions bet! :resi+ential 5:arliamentary
In parliamentary
governments, of 'hich the6nite+ 8ing+om, In+ia, an+9ana+a are e)amples, the
e)ecutive branch is subor+inateto the legislature!
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In presidential
governments, such as in the
6!S!, the e)ecutive is
in+epen+ent of the legislature,although many of the
e)ecutives actions are sub4ectto legislative revie'!
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e)isting constitution but has thegeneral support of the people an+has effective control of the territory
over 'hich it e)ercises its po'ers!
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2! $e +ureis one 'hich is
constitute+ or foun+e+ inaccor+ance 'ith the e)isting
constitution of the state but hasno control of the territory!
9! ,ereditary - lective
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#hec/s andBalances, the +octrine an+ practice of +ispersing political po'er
an+ creating mutualaccountability among politicalentities such as the courts, thepresi+ent or prime minister, thelegislature, an+ the citiens!
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The system of chec.s an+
balances is a basic feature of the6nite+ States government.
The first chec. comes from the factthat +ifferent branches of the
government have overlapping
authority, so each branch can actas a limit on the other!
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%or e)ample, the presi+ent canveto an act of 9ongress! A t'o1thir+s ma4ority in 9ongress can
then overri+e the presi+ent7sveto! The presi+ent appointsma4or fe+eral officials, but only if
the Senate by ma4ority voteagrees!
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"eparation of
)owers, the +octrine an+ practi
ce of +ivi+ing the po'ers of agovernment among +ifferent
branches to guar+ againstabuse of authority!
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A government of separate+po'ers assigns +ifferent political
an+ legal po'ers to the
legislative, e)ecutive, an+
4u+icial branches! The
legislative branch has thepo'er to ma.e la's.
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The e0ecutive branchhas theauthority to a+minister the la'=
primarily by bringing
la'brea.ers to trial=an+ toappoint officials an+ oversee the
a+ministration of governmentresponsibilities!
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Theudicial branch has the
po'er to try cases brought to
court an+ to interpret the
meaning of la's un+er 'hichthe trials are con+ucte+!
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A government of separate+
po'ers is less li.ely to be
tyrannical an+ more li.ely to
follo' the rule of la'& theprinciple that government action
must be constraine+ by la's.
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A separation of po'ers can also
ma.e a political system more
+emocratic by ma.ing it more
+ifficult for a single ruler, suchas a monarch or a presi+ent, to
become +ictatorial!
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The +ivision of po'ers alsoprevents one branch of
government from +ominatingthe others or +ictating the la'sto the public! Most +emocratic
systems have some +egree ofseparation of po'ers.
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