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Personality
The pattern of enduringcharacteristics that
differentiate people those behaviors thatmake each of us unique
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Psychodynamic
Approaches to Personality
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Psychoanalytic Approaches
Psychoanalytic theory
Freuds theory that our behavior is triggered by forces withinpersonality of which we are not aware
nconsc ous A part of the personality of which a person is not aware
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Structuring Personality
Id Raw, unorganized, inborn part
of the personality
Libido
primitive drives
Pleasure principle
Immediate reduction oftension and themaximization of satisfaction
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Structuring Personality
Ego Strives to balance the desires of the
id and the realities of the objective,outside world
Reality principle
Instinctual energy is restrained in orderto maintain the safety of the individualand help integrate the person intosociety
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Developing Personality
Fixation Refers to conflicts or concerns that persist
beyond developmental period in which they first
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Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies
reduce anxiety byconcealing the source
from themselves andothers
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The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalyst
Jungs Collective Unconscious A set of influences we inherit from our
own relatives, the whole human race,and even nonhuman animal ancestors
Adlers inferiority complex Situations in which adults have not
been able to overcome the feelings ofinferiority that they developed aschildren
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Trait Approaches
Trait theory Assumption that all
people possess certaintraits
Traits Enduring dimensions of
personality
characteristics alongwith which people differ
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Allports Trait Theory
Cardinal trait A single characteristic that directs most of a
persons activities
Central trait
The major characteristic of an individual Secondary trait Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer
situations and are less influential than central orcardinal traits
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Trait Approaches
Cattell
Factor analysis A method of summarizing
the relationships among a
large number of variablesinto fewer, more generalpatterns
Source traits Represent the basic
dimensions of personality
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Trait Approaches
Hans Eysenck Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
The Big Five
Openness to experience Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness Neuroticism
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Learning Approaches
Social cognitive approaches Emphasizes the influence of a persons cognitions
thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values indetermining personality
Self-efficacy Belief in ones personal capabilities
Self-esteem Component of personality that encompasses our
positive and negative evaluations
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Biological and Evolutionary Approaches
Suggest that importantcomponents of
Temperament A basic, innate disposition
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Humanistic Approaches
Emphasize peoples basic goodness and theirtendency to grow to higher levels of functioning
Unconditional positive regard
An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part ofan observer, no matter what a person says or does
Self-actualization A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
highest potential
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Psychosocial Development Eriksons Theory
Psychosocial Development - Involves changes in our
interactions and understanding of one another as well as inour knowledge and understanding of ourselves asmembers of society
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Psychosocial Stages
Trust versus mistrust Birth to 1 years
Autonomy versus shameand doubt
Initiative versus guilt 3 to 6 years
Industry versus inferiority 6 to 12 years
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Psychosocial Development Eriksons
Theory
Identity versus role
confusion Time of major testing, asadolescents try to determine
what is unique and specialabout themselves
Intimacy versus isolation Developing close
relationships
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P h i l D l E ik
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Psychosocial Development Eriksons
Theory
Generativity versus
stagnation Contributions to ones family,community, work, and society,
assisting the development ofthe younger generation
Ego-integrity versus despair Reviewing lifes successes and
failures
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Midlife transition People may begin to question
their lives during their earlyforties as the idea that theirlife will end becomes
prominent Midlife crisis
Feeling of dissatisfaction withyour life in the face of physicalaging
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Assessing Personality
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Assessing Personality
Psychological tests Standard measures devised to assess
behavior objectively
Self-report measures
MMPI-2 A test used to differentiate people
with specific sorts of psychological
difficulties as well as predicting avariety of other behaviors
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Projective Methods
Projective personalitytest A test in which a person
is shown an ambiguousstimulus and asked to
describe it or tell astory about it
Rorschach test
TAT (ThematicApperception Test)
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Behavioral Assessment
Direct measures of anindividuals behavior usedto describecharacteristics indicative
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