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Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 1
Nanotechnology
Opportunities and Challenges ina Changing WorldAndrew D. Maynard
Chief Science Advisor
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Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 2
Imagine
A material where s trengthis governed by atomicbonds
that can be woven intosuper-strong strands andropes
Nanotechnology is turning fiction to reality
and used to build anelevator to space!
Single Walled Carbonnanotubes
www.liftport.com
NanotechnologyScience Fiction or Science Fact?
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Nanotechnology
! Definition Development/engineering of new devices and materials which
demonstrate unique properties asociated with structures on ananometer length-scale
Nanometer scale: less than ~100 nm
! Includes:
Engineered nano-scale surface layers
Engineered nano-scale structures (discrete or heterogeneous)
Engineered nano-scale devices
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Nanotechnology in context
Nanomaterials
Nanoscalestructures inunprocessed
form
Nanointermediates
Intermediateproducts with
nanoscalefeatures
Nano-enabled products
Finished goodsincorporating
nanotechnology
Nanotools
Capital equipment and software usedto visualize, manipulate and model
matter at the nanoscale
Maynard
Carbon NanotubesNCI&R.
Kopelman
Multifunctional nanoparticlesEaston
Nanocomposite parts
JEOL
Electron MicroscopyConcept: Lux Research
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Nanotechnology development and implementation
PassiveNanostructures
Nanoparticles
Nanotubes
Nano-
composites Nano-coatings
Nanostructuredmaterials
1stGeneration
1st Gen
2nd Gen
4th Gen
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
ActiveNanostructures
Electronics
Sensors
Targeted
drugs Adaptive
structures
2ndGeneration
Systems ofnanosystems
Guidedmolecularassembly
3D networking
Robotics
Supra-molecules
3rdGeneration
Molecularnanosystems
Molecules bydesign
Hierarchicalfunctions
Evolutionarysystems
4thGeneration
3rd Gen
Adapted from Roco, MC (2004) AIChE J. 50 (5)
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$4.6 billion$3.8 billion
$0.2 billion
Source: 2004 Lux Research Reference Study: The Nanotechnology Report 2004
Nanotechnology Investment and ImpactGlobal R&D Investment in 2004
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Nanomaterials Nanointermediates Nano-enabled products
2004:
Selectivedeployments
proliferate
2005 - 2009:Commercial breakthroughs
open market
2010 - 2014:Nanotechnology becomes
commonplace
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
US$
trillions
Year
Nanotechnology Investment and ImpactGlobal forecast of products sold incorporating nanotechnology
Source: 2004 Lux Research Report: Sizing nanotechnologys value chain
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NanoclayComposite
www.w
ilson.com
Nano fiberswww.nanotex.co
m
Carbon NanotubeComposite
www.eastonbike.com
Nanosilica Compositewww.3
M.com
Nanotechnology is NowSelected consumer products
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Nanotechnology - The Motivation
Purposely engineered nanostructured materials and devicesdemonstrate new, unique and non-scalable properties and behavior
Sustainable Nanotechnology - The Challenge Does the nature of engineered nanostructured materials and
devices present new health and environmental risks?
How can the benefits of nanotechnology be realized whileproactively minimizing the potential risk?
How can public trust in the technology be maintained?
SustainabilityNanotechnology and risk
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Nanotechnology in Poplar Culture
Over 20 science fictionnovels since 1982,including MichaelCrichtons Prey
Variety of filmsincluding Spiderman II
Console video games
NanobreakerforPSII
Product branding
iPodNano
Public protests
THONG
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Public PerceptionsMacoubrie, September 2005
! 80 - 85% of public has heard littleor nothing about nanotechnology
! Perceived benefits outweigh risks
! Top perceived potential benefitsinclude:! Disease detection and treatment
! Environmental remediation
! National Security! Improved human abilities
! Cheaper, longer lasting consumerproducts
! Top concerns include:
! Military uses
!
Long term health effects! Environmental impacts
! Loss of freedom and privacy
! Low trust in both government andindustry to manage risk
From: Macoubrie, J. Nanotechnology: Public Concerns , Reasoning, and Trust in Government
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Potential Impact of NanotechnologyConcerns
ETC Group 2003VDI (Germany) 2004
SwissRe 2004
Environmental Health Perspectives 2004
Royal Society 2004
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Handling unprocessed single walled nanotube material
Nanomaterial safety - challenging assumptions
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PhysicalStructure
Low
High
Compositional StructureLow High
Conventional Understanding
Unconventional Understanding
Influence of structure on potential health impact
Nano-Materials & Devices
Macro-Materials
Liquids
Gases & Vapors
Size
Shape
Surface Area
Surface Activity
Nano-Structure
Mass
Composition
Potential Health ImpactWhat makes nano different?
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Oberdrster, G., Z. Sharp, V. Atudorei , A. Elder, R. Gelein, W. Kreyling and C. Cox (2004). Inhal. Toxicol.16(6-7): 437-445.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8
!g
13C/gram
organ
Days after exposure
Cerebellum
Control
Significant data point
Cerebrum
Lung
Olfactory bulb
Unanticipated exposure routesTranslocation to the brain following inhalation in rodents
13C labeled 36 nm diameter particles
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Nanomaterials in the environmentRoutes of exposure, uptake, distribution and degradation
Oberdrster et al. (2005) EHP. 113(7):823-839
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J. Golden
Material
Processing
Remanufacture
Reuse
Recycle
Manufacturing Distribution Use
Recovery
Management
Life Cycle AssessmentTaking a systems approach to environmental protection
Disposal
(Air Emissions, Liquid and
Solid Wastes)
Raw Materials
(Energy, Renewable Resources,
Nonrenewable Resources)
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Goal 4: Support responsibledevelopment ofnanotechnology:
Environmental, health and safetyimplications
Ethical, legal and all other societalissues
Program Component Area 7:Societal Dimensions
Environmental, health and safety
research
Education
Broad societal implications
www.nano.gov
National Nanotechnology InitiativeStrategic Plan
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Interagency Coordination of ActivitiesNanotechnology, Environment and Health Working Group (NEHI)
! Working group of the Nanoscale Science, Engineering andTechnology subcommittee (NSET)
! Membership from all relevant regulatory and research agencies,Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Office of
Management and Budget
! Goals of Working Group:
Provide for exchange of information among agencies
Facilitate the identification/prioritization of research and other activitiesrequired for responsible nanotechnology
Promote communication of information related to the environmentaland health implications of nanotechnology
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2006 National Nanotechnology Initiative investmentSocietal Implications
Estimates of 2006 NNI Investments within Societal Dimensions ProgramComponent Area
$42.6 million$38.5 millionTOTAL*
DHS
$1.5 millionDOJ
$3.1 millionHHS (NIOSH)
$4.0 millionEPA
$0.5 million$0.5 millionUSDA
NASA
$0.9 millionDOC(NIST)
$5.0 million$3.0 millionHHS(NIH)
$0.6 million$0.5 millionDOE
$1.0 million$1.0 millionDOD
$35.5 million$24.0 millionNSF
Education and Ethical, Legal, and
other Societal Issues
Environmental, Health, and
Safety R&D
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthIntegrated research into the health impact of carbon nanotubes
Dustiness
Dose
Exposure
Toxicity
Risk Control Reduced risk/impact
Exposure routes
Health Effects
Characterization
Shvedova, Baron, Maynard
0
100
200
300
400
500
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
14:00:00 15:00:00
MassNumber
M
assConcentration(!g/m3)
NumberConcentration(particles/m
3)
Time
Averaging period: 30 seconds
Purging air in tent a b c d e g
a: Entering tentb: Emptying CNT into bucketc: Tipping CNT from bucket to bucketd: Scooping spilt CNT offtablee: Cleaning tent with vacuum cleaner
(vacuum inside tent)f: Further cleanup and PPE removalg: Leaving tent
f
Exposure routes Exposure
80
160
240
320
400
480
560
0.01 0.1 1 10
No Agitation
18% Agitation
36% Agitation
64% Agitation
91% Agitation
Particlenumberconcentration
(dn/dLog(d)-arbitraryunits)
Diameter / !m
Characterization
20 Gauss
Ascorbat e
Ascorbate/CNT
Ascorbate/CNT/DFO
DFO pretreate d CNT+Ascorbate
Health Effects
Toxicity
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Environmental Protection Agency
! Focus on Nanotechnology: Potential for environmental improvement
Possibility for harmful effects on human health/environment
EPAs regulatory responsibilities
o Toxic Substances Control Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act,
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation andLiability Act/Superfund
! Science to Achieve Results program (STAR) 2004 Program: Environmental and Human Health Effects of
nanomaterials
o $7 million, joint with NSF and NIOSHo 18 Grants Awarded 14 EPA, 2 NSF, 2 NIOSH, To be
announced
2005 Program: Environmental and Human Health Effects ofnanomaterials. Announcement expected Fall 2005
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National Science FoundationCenter for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology - Rice University
! Highlights: $12.4 million from NSF, $5.3 million from Rice, over 5 years
> 200 invited center presentations; > 200 accepted publications
Research, education, knowledge transfer, commercialization
First observation of carbon nanotube emission and its first application tobiological imaging.
Near-infrared nanoparticles demonstrated to shrink tumors usingphotothermal therapy.
First publications in the area of nanotechnology and environmental impact.
Nanoshell-heated cancertissue
Ecotoxicology andnanocarbons
Nanotube fluorescence
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Department of Defense (MURI program)Physicochemical characteristics and toxicological properties of nanoparticles
Correlating Physico-Chemical and Toxicological Propertiesof Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle (physico-chemical characterization:size, external surface area, BET surface area[porosity], crystallinity, chemical composition,surface charge)
biocompatibleacellular assays
solubility
subcellular assays
cellular assays
in vivo assays
biocompatible cytoskeletal function
metabolic effects
biocompatible oxidative stressResultsformodelinpu
tsSurfacemodification
model
testing
protein binding
cytotoxicity
Oberdrster, Pui and BiswasUniversity of Rochester, University of Minnesota, Washington University St. Louis
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Europe Asia
Industry
Non-Government
Organizations
USA
Academia
Partnerships
Sustainable NanotechnologyGlobal initiatives
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Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesAbout the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Living memorial to Former President Wilson established byCongress in 1968
Non-partisan institution, supported by public and private
funds
A lively, neutral, domestic and international forum for freeand informed dialogue
Integrated into the Smithsonian Institute
200 staff, fellows, and scholars
Annual budget of $30m
Directed by Former US Congressman Lee Hamilton
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Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Government
Business
Academia
NGO&
Non-Profit
WilsonCenter
!
Goal Ensure government and
private sector address therisks as well as thebenefits ofnanotechnology
! Budget $3 million over 2 years
!Programs Meetings, research,
polling, outreach
Created in partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts
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Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesCurrent activities include
!
Database of federally funded research on environmental,safety and health implications
Providing an overview of research focuses and gaps
! Review of airborne nanomaterial exposure measurement
requirements Evaluating current capabilities and research/development needs
! Use of gene arrays in ecotoxicity screening
Developing rapid, cost-effective screening assays for early detectionof potential issues
! Facilitating domestic and international partnerships
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www.liftport.com
Looking to the FutureSuccessful implementation of sustainable nanotechnologies
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Summary
! Nanotechnology is a revolutionary technology
! Significant societal and economic benefits are anticipated
! Conventional risk management models are being challenged
! Successful development and implementation ofnanotechnology will require an integrated approach to risk
!
Global, interdisciplinary and cross-sector partnerships areessential to developing sustainable nanotechnologies
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Contact Information
Dr Andrew D. MaynardChief Science Advisor
Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institute
One Woodrow Wilson Plaza
1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NWWashington DC 20004
Tel: 202 691 4311
Email: [email protected]
URL: www.wilsoncenter.org