Maximum PV Power Integration into the Grid: Challenges and Options for Energy Management Systems
Dipl.- Phys. Oussama ChehabVice President Sales Emerging Markets, SMA , GermanyRenewable Energy Asia 2015, 3 June 2015BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand
SMA Solar Technology AG
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Disclaimer
2
SMA Solar Technology AG
Agenda
3
1 Renewable Energy
2 Low Voltage Regulation
3 Medium Voltage Regulation
4 Grid Monitoring
SMA Solar Technology AG
> PVPS: 177 GW of PV installed worldwide
> the Asia Pacific region represented about 59% of the global PV market in
2014
> Installed PV Power in Thailand 2012, 377 MW ( source DEDE)
> In 19 countries the annual PV contribution to electricity demand has passed
the 1% mark.
> with Italy at the top with at least 7.9 % followed by Greece at 7.6% and
Germany at 7%.
> The overall European PV contribution amounts to about 3.5% of Europe’s
electricity demand. Australia, Denmark, Israel and Japan have also passed
the 2% mark but larger consumers, such as China and the U.S., will require
more PV capacity to reach this threshold
Actual PV Contribution ( According to IEA PVPS)
4
SMA Solar Technology AG
In 2030 more than 60% of the electric power supply will come from Renewables.
The dynamic of growth will be carried by Windpower and Pholtovoltaics.*
> Renewables can substitute a big part of the conventional power systems
> Therefore a massive paradigm change regarding the grid distribution system is
necessary
> Reneables must take aktive part in grid management
Progress of Renewable Energy in Germany
5*Source: Leitstudie 2010, BMU - FKZ 03MAP146, Basisszenario 2010A
SMA Solar Technology AG
> An optimal Integration of existing and
prospective renewable power into the grid
is important and urgent
> Most of the PV-Power Generating Units
are feeding into the Low Voltage Grid
> Therefore grid management functions are
necessary both for the low- and medium
voltage grid.
> The regulations for the low- and medium
voltage grid take this into account.
Progress of Renewable Energy
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SMA Solar Technology AG
> Active power limitation on demand
(Low Voltage [LVG] and medium voltage grid [MVG])
Target: Reducing the active power of a PV-plant via remote signal
> Frequency-dependent control of active power
(Low Voltage [LVG] and medium voltage grid [MVG])
Frequency > 50,2 Hz reduction of active power
Target: Reducing the active power in the grid
> Reactive power setting
(Low Voltage [LVG] and medium voltage grid [MVG])
Reactive power supply by fix cos , cos (t), cos (P) or Q(U)
Target: Stabilize the voltage in the grid
> Dynamic grid support
(Medium voltage grid [MVG])
During a grid failure the inverter still stays on the grid (specific time and special cond
Target: Stabilize the grid during grid failure
Basic Gridmanagement functions
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SMA Solar Technology AG
Agenda
8
1 Renewable Energy
2 Low Voltage Regulation
3 Medium Voltage Regulation
4 Grid Monitoring
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Capability to reduce active power for plants above 100 kW
> % of nominal power
> On direction of the system operator
> steps100 / 60 / 30 / 0 %
> Automatic reduction due to over-frequency
> No disconnection from the grid between
47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz
> Over 50.2 Hz: automatic active power
reduction according to the diagram
> PM equals the power when 50.2Hz is reached.
> When frequency sinks below 50.2 Hz, a max. power ramp of 10% nom. power per minutes
Plant Power Management
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SMA Solar Technology AG
> Reactive power is now required for interconnection to the low-voltage grid.
> Above 20% of nominal power a power generating unit must have the following
reactive power capability / power factor:
> Generating unit < 3.68 kVA
> Not required
> Generating unit between 3.68 kVA and 13.8 kVA
> cos = 0.95leading to 0.95lagging
> Generating unit > 13.8 kVA
> cos = 0.90leading to 0.90lagging
Power Factor Design and Operation Requirements
10
SMA Solar Technology AG 11
Capacitive and Inductive Reactive Power
ohmic load
Blue: Voltage
Red: Current
inductive load
Blue: Voltage
Red: Current
•Examples for inductive loads:
•Transformer
•Generators
•Filters
•Motors
capacitive load
Blue: Voltage
Red: Current
•Examples for capacitive loads:
•Cable
•Capacitors
SMA Solar Technology AG
System Design with Reactive Power Supply
QIV QI
P
Q kapazitiv Q induktiv
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktiv
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktiv
S max
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktiv
Sm
ax
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktiv
Smax
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.
S max
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.
S max
Q max,ind.
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.
S max
Q max,ind.
P max
QIV QI
PPlimit
Q kapazitiv Q induktivQmax,kap. Q max,ind.
S max
Q max,ind.
P max
P=Plimit - Pmax
Qmax,cap. Qmax,ind.Qmax,capacitive Qmax,inductive
SMA Solar Technology AG
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
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Low voltageline
House connection
Medium voltagegrid
MV-Station
Load
Cable lengthMax. Load
> Power supply for a remote consumer
SMA Solar Technology AG
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
14
> Supplying of several consumers with the necessity to adjust the voltage at the
MV-Station to be within the allowed voltage range
Low voltageline
House connection 1 + 2
Medium voltage grid
MV-Station
Load 1
Cable lengthMax. Load with voltage regulation at MV-
Station
Load 2
Max. Load without voltage regulation at MV-Station
SMA Solar Technology AG
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
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> High irradiation (and therefore high power feed in from house 2) and low power
consumtion result in to high voltage at consumer 1 connection.
Low voltageline
House connection 1 + 2
Medium voltage grid
MV-Station
Load 1
Cable length
Max. Load with voltage regulation at MV-Station
Load 2
High PV-Feed in with low load
SMA Solar Technology AG
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
16
> Inverter can deliver inductive reactive power to lower the voltage at the
connection point to be again within the allowed range.
Low voltageline
House connection 1 + 2
Medium voltage grid
MV-Station
Load 1
Cable length
Max. Load with voltage regulation at MV-Station
Load 2
High PV-Feed in with lowloadsame but with reactivepower
SMA Solar Technology AG 17
~ ~Uo
UEZA
IEARk
Grid-short circuit impedance
Open circuitvoltage
Xk
ZkPower Generating Unit
(PGU)with impedance angle k
Uo
UPGUIEA
IEA
URk
UXkUZk
Uo
UPGUIEA
URk
UXk
UZk
k
k
IEA
cos =1
cos ≠1(lagging ‐ induktiv)
Uo
UPGU
IEA URk
UXkUZk
k
cos ≠ leading, capacitive)
UZk
With capacitive reacitve Power the voltage at connection pointincrease
With induktive reacitve Power the voltage at connection pointdecrease
[Que
lle: S
MA
]
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Is defined by the system operator.
> Follows two control mechanisms:
> Constant cos or
> cos (P) – response curve
> Default response curve:
cos as a function of the generator
apparent power
> 13.8 kVA: cos = 0.9
> 3.68 kVA ≤ 13.8 kVA: cos = 0.95
Grid Support (w/Reactive Power)
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1
0,9/0,95
P/PEmax
1
Ove
r-ex
ited
Und
er-
exite
d
cos 0,9/0,95
0,50,2
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Single-phase interconnection ≤ 4.6 kVA per phase.
> A maximum of 3 x 4.6 kVA ≤ 13.8 kVA
can be interconnected.
> Generating units > 13.8 kVA only as three-phase device,
fulfilling max. imbalance requirements of 4.6 kVA.
> Single-phase inverters with Power Balancer capability
are allowed.
> Max. imbalance per phase ≤ 4.6 kVA
Phase Imbalances
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SMA Solar Technology AG
PV-Installation ≤ 3,68 kVA
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Ripple controlreceiver
Low Voltage Grid
SB 3000HF-30with Power ControlModul
Anlage mit 3,00 kVA
DCACCOM
Phase 1 SB 3000HF-30Phase 2 -Phase 3 -∑ Power 3,0 kVA
Remote control reduction of feed-in capacityin grid overload situations
SMA Solar Technology AG
PV-Installation > 3,68 kVA and ≤13,80 kVA
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Low Voltage Grid
SB 3800-11with Power Control Modul
SB 3300-11with Power Control Modul
Phase 1 SB 3300-11Phase 2 SB 3800-11Phase 3 SMC 4600A-11∑ Power 11,7 kVA
SMC 4600A-11with Power ControlModul
DCACCOM
Remote control reduction of feed-in capacityin grid overload situations
Ripple controlreceiver
SMA Solar Technology AG 22
Low Voltage Grid
STP 17000TLSTP 17000TL-10
Phase 1/2/3 STP17000TL-10STP17000TL-10
Phase 1 SMC 11000TLRP-10Phase 2 SMC 11000TLRP-10Phase 3 SMC 11000TLRP-10
∑ Power 67 kVA
SMC 11000TLRP-10
SMA Grid GateU<,U>,U>>,f<,f>
Sunny WebBox Power Reducer Box
DCACEthernetRS485Control line
PV-Installation > 30 kVA and ≤100 kVA
SMA Solar Technology AG
Agenda
23
1 Renewable Energy
2 Low Voltage Regulation
3 Medium Voltage Regulation
4 Grid Monitoring
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Reduction of active power depending
on grid frequency
> in case of grid failures
> in case of power surplus
> to avoid grid instabilities
> Example: UCTE-grid failure in 2006
Under normal grid conditions:
no impact on energy yield
Maintaining Grid Stability: Active Power Limitation
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Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Target: Maintenance of grid voltage
> Generation systems must be able to supply
reactive power during normal operation
> Public utilities stipulate reactive power
or power factor
> The utility operator sets Qsoll
> The utility operator sets cosSoll
> The inverter delivers Reactive Power according
to the characteristic curve cos = f (P) – s
Figure
> The inverter delivers Reactive Power according
to the characteristic curve Q = f (U)
Power factor range
cos = 0,95ind. to 0,95kap.
Impact on PV inverter design!
Maintaining Grid Stability: Reactive Power Supply
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Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Draft Version April 2008
SMA Solar Technology AG
> Generation systems must stay connected
during grid failures!
> Required performance:
> above limit 1:
stabile operation
> between limit 1 and 2:
to be discussed with DSO*
> below limit 2/30 % VNom:
instant disconnection accepted
> Deliver reactive current, to stabilize
the grid
Requirement for systems directly
connected to HV transformer
Dynamic Grid Stability: Fault Ride Through (FRT)
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Origin: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
0 150 1.500
100%
70%
Zeit in ms
Zeitpunkt eines Störungseintritts
700
unterer Wert desSpannungsbandes
3.000
15%
45%
Grenzlinie 1Grenzlinie 2
Unterhalb der blauen Kennlinie bestehen keine Anforderungen hinsichtlich des Verbleibens am Netz.
30%
Grenzkurven Spannungsverlauf
U/Uc
SMA Solar Technology AG
Agenda
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1 Renewable Energy
2 Low Voltage Regulation
3 Medium Voltage Regulation
4 Grid Monitoring
SMA Solar Technology AG
Grid Stability Management
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SMA Solar Technology AG
Multi-MW Plant with Sunny Tripower
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20 kV
0,4 kV
0,4 kV
Gridstation800 kVA1
2
47
1
2
47
P, U, Q, cos j
U, I
Measuringtransducer
LocalSCADA
WAN
Sunny PortalRemote SCADA
Grid- and plant protection
Gridstation800 kVA
Grid supplier
PV-Plant control
Grid stability management
Target (P, Q, cos j, ...)release, emergency stop
feedback(P, Q, cos j, ...)
Digital- and Analogue-ValuesIn future potentially Remote-protocols
Router
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch
Datalogger
Datalogger
Contact in ThailandSMA Solar (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
999/9 The Offices at CentralWorld
Level 17 Unit ML1708-10
Rama I Road, Pathumwan
Bangkok, Thailand
Main Line: +66 2 670 6900
Thank you for your kind attention
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