Scholastic Journalism
• Refers to journalism as practiced in:– College– High School– Junior High School– Middle School– Elementary School
Scholastic Journalism
• The legal guidelines for journalism in schools comes from:– The Supreme Court– State Legislation– School District Policy
Scholastic Journalism
• Three Major Supreme Court cases:– Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969– Bethel v. Fraser, 1986– Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, 1988
Tinker v. Des Moines
• Established that students have First Amendment rights
• Students can express opinions at school as long as they do not materially and substantially disrupt the school day
Bethel v. Fraser
• Established that while students have the freedom to express themselves, the school has the right to determine HOW they express those opinions
• The school can limit vulgarity within its boundaries to ensure a positive learning environment for all students
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
• Did not reverse or overturn the Tinker decision, but placed more restriction on the student press or the expression that any activity may have.
• Administrators have the right to prior review and prior restraint
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
• Prior review: Administrators have a right to see any publication before it goes to press
• Prior restraint: Administrators may prohibit publication or expression of a viewpoint for legitimate, pedagogical reasons
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
• School administrators have to be viewpoint neutral– They cannot just censor
expression because it is a different opinion than their own
– They need to apply similar guidelines to all forms of expression
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