WHAT GROUP INVADED EGYPT? Asiatic invaders, called Hyksos Followed the Middle Kingdom and ruled
from about 1640 to 1570 BC. During this time, the Hebrews also
settled in EgyptMany believed they were invited by the
Hyksos, because they were ethnically similar
Eventually, the Pharaoh’s regained their power and expelled the Hyksos from EgyptHebrews remained, but were enslaved
WHEN WAS THE NEW KINGDOM? Followed the reign
of the Hyksos 1570-1075 BC Pharaohs sought
to strengthen Egypt by building an empire
Wealthier and more powerful than ever before
WHO WERE THE POWERFUL PHARAOH’S OF THE NEW KINGDOM?
Hatshepsut Declared herself pharaoh, because her stepson was
too young at the time Encouraged trade, rather than waging war
Thutmose III Hatshepsut’s stepson (may have murdered her to
assume leadership) Much more warlike ruler Made Egypt a mighty empire
Ramses II Made peace treaty with Hittites that lasted a century Great builder of the New Kingdom
WHY DID THE EMPIRE DECLINE? Other strong
civilizations challenged Egypt’s power
Attacked by land and sea
Never recovered its previous power
Broke into numerous small Kingdoms
HOW DID THE KUSHITES CONQUER EGYPT? Had prior contact with Egypt during the
New Kingdom Had adopted many Egyptian customs
and beliefs As the New Kingdom declined, the
Kushites felt they could guard Egyptian values
Their rule was short-lived, as Egypt soon fell to the Assyrians, warlike people from Southwest Asia
WHO WERE THE ASSYRIANS? Came from the
northern part of Mesopotamia
Easy for others to attack because land was flat and open
Developed warlike behavior in response to those actions
HOW DID ASSYRIA GAIN A POWERFUL EMPIRE? Highly advanced military organization
Very disciplinedShowed no mercy to those they conquered
State-of-the-art weaponryUsed ironSoldiers covered themselves in stiff leather
and metal armor Engineers designed floating structures
used to support bridges during warfare Dug beneath city walls to weaken
defenses
HOW DID THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE EXPAND? Conquered many
lands Their system of
management involved local governors reporting to a central authority
Additional military campaigns brought taxes and tribute to the treasury
HOW DID THE EMPIRE CRUMBLE? 612 BC Combined army of
Medes and Chaldeans burned and leveled the capital of Nineveh
Babylon then became the capital, under Chaldean rule Nebuchadnezzar
restored the city
WHERE WAS THE PERSIAN HOMELAND? Migrated from Central Europe and
southern Russia to the mountains and plateaus east of the Fertile Crescent
Fertile farmland and a wealth of mineralsCopper, lead, gold, silverTraded minerals and came into contact with
neighbors to east and west At first there were many kingdoms, but
two powers emergedThe Medes and the PersiansSoon, the Persians dominated the Medes
PERSIAN RULED After Cyrus died, his son Cambyses was
named ruler Conquered Egypt and expanded the rule of
the Persian Empire He was not as tolerant as his father and
rebellion broke out across the Empire Cambyses’s successor, Darius, seized the
throne and spent three years trying to end revolts
Eventually brought peace and stability to empire and began conquest
Was very successful in expanding empire.
WHAT WERE PROVINCES AND SATRAPS? Conceived by Darius Provinces
20 in the Persian empireSimilar to the homelands of different groups
of people who lived under empireSpoke own language, practiced own
religion, followed many of own laws Satraps
Governor of provinces
WHO WAS CYRUS THE GREAT? King of Persia Conquered several
neighboring kingdoms
Military genius Very kind and
tolerant towards conquered people Believed in honoring
customs and traditions of people that he conquered
WHAT PROMOTED TRADE IN THE EMPIRE?
Excellent systems of roadsAllowed quick
communication Metal coins
Standard valueCirculated
throughout empire
CONFUCIUS AND THE SOCIAL ORDER Confucius was
China’s most influential scholar
Lived when Zhou dynasty was in decline
Wanted to restore order and moral living in China
FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS Confucius believed
that government could be restored if five basic relationships were formed Ruler and subject Father and son Husband and wife Older and younger
brother Friend and friend
WHAT WERE THE CONFUCIAN IDEAS ABOUT GOVERNMENT? Thought that
education could transform individuals
Laid the groundwork for the foundation of a bureaucracy, a trained civil service, who would run the government
WHAT WERE THE OTHER CHINESE ETHICAL SYSTEMS? Daoism
Chinese thinker named Laozi
Natural order was important
Universal force called Dao guided all things
Legalism Highly efficient and
powerful government key to restoring order
Us law and civil order Believed in very harsh
punishment for those that violated the law
I Ching Book of oracles who
solved ethical problems
Yin and Yang Represented natural
rythms in life Yin: Cold, dark, soft,
mysterious Yang: Warm, bright,
hard, clear Symbol represents
harmony of Yin and Yang
HOW DID THE QIN DYNASTY UNIFY CHINA? Employed legalist ideas Qin ruler assumed the name Shi
Huangdi, which means “First Emperor” Halted internal battles, defeated
invaders, crushed resistance to his rule Doubled China’s size Established an autocracy by murdering
Confucian scholars and burning “useless” books
WHAT CHANGES DID SHI HUANGDI BRING TO CHINA? Highway network Standards in writing, law, currency and
weight Irrigation projects that increased farm
production Built Great Wall of China (defensive wall)
Constructed by peasantsHad to work for free, or were put to death