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The Coastal Zone
Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives
CHAPTER 12
Section B Planning and Implementation
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
In light of this, SJER advocates protecting natural resources within the
coastal areas to the extent possible. However, it cannot discount the
fact that shipping and port activities are key to the economic growth
of the area. In addition, there is likely to be significant development
pressure for power, housing and commerce. However with proper
planning and controls, a balance between the competing demands
of economic advancement and environmental preservation can be
achieved.
A. Activities and Natural Assets In The Waterfront Zone
Economic activity in the coastal areas has accelerated in recent
years. This includes the expansion of urban areas, industrial activities,
infrastructure development as well as the development of tourism
facilities. As a consequence, about one-third of the coastline comprise
of built up areas with another one-third committed for development.
B. Existing Use and Activities
For the purpose of this report, the coastal zone maps are illustrated in
two sub-zones, the east and west coastal zone. This is due to the length
of the area and the inability to display the maps in a more readable
format.
The total area of the defined coastal area is 43,428.23 hectares.The areawithin the coastal zone has been put to various uses, some of which
are not compatible with each other and may be detrimental to the
natural environment. However, a substantial portion of the coastal zone
remains a green area, including forests, water bodies and agricultural
areas.
Figure 12.2: Indicative Key Plan for Sub-Zone
East Zone
West Zone
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Currently, only 20.74% (9005.27 hectares) of the total coastal zone are
built-up areas used for residential, commercial, industrial, institution,
road/rail and infrastructure purposes, while another 0.6% (262.26
hectares) has been approved for development. In total, 9267.47
hectares (21.34%) of land within the coastal zone comprises of built up
areas and the balance of 78.66% is currently undeveloped.
Table 12.1: Land Use Structure of Coastal Zone
Landuse Area (Ha)
Forest 11,405.44
Water Bodies 2,610.02
Open Space 616.33
Agriculture 13,691.69
Residential 2,475.34
Commercial 272.24Industry 1,442.89
Institution 2,296.01
Infrastructure and Utilities 410.38
Road and rail 2,108.41
Vacant land 5,837.22
Others (Committed development) 262.26
TOTAL AREA 43,428.23
Source: SJER CDP 2025
The existence of three major ports, which are the Port of Tanjung
Pelepas, Pasir Gudang Port and Tanjung Langsat Port, has resulted in a
proliferation of industrial activities, as well as activities associated with
shipping including shipyards and boat repairs, and harbour services.
There has been an associated increase in the number of people living
along the coastal zone.
Tanjung Bin, which is the largest coal fired power plant project in
Malaysia, is also located along the coastal zone of Pontian. The
RM7.8 billion project is sprawled over 41 hectares of land, and upon
completion the power plant will generate 2,100MW of electricity.
The Danga Bay and the Kota Air, Tebraus integrated township
developments are among the new, predominantly residential
waterfront developments fronting the Straits of Johor and overlooking
Singapore. Nusajaya will also have a new waterfront once its marina
development is completed.
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THE COASTAL AREA
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Waterfront activities in Johor Bahru city also include commercial and
residential activities. Much of the coastline also has a scenic road that
makes the waterfront areas accessible to the public and gives a sense
of openness for the city.
The development is concentrated on the coastal areas and it is mainly
from Johor Bahru city centre towards Pasir Gudang and Tanjung
Langsat. By contrast, the western zone comprises mainly of mangrove,
agriculture and small settlement areas, although it also includes the
Port of Tanjung Pelepas. However, with the emergence of the new
Johor State Administrative Centre in Nusajaya and Danga Bay, there
is increasing development pressure on the western part of the coastal
area and if unabated this will accelerate conversion of natural resource
areas into urban land.
C. Natural Assets In The Coastal Zone
The waterfront of South Johor has diverse natural assets which include
the mangrove swamps and rivers found along the coastal zone.
There are many rivers that flow into the Straits of Johor and these rivers
and their tributaries play a major environmental role as well as a role
in enhancing the aesthetics of the urbanscape of SJER. Due to rapid
urban development, most of the rivers are affected by pollution. It is
important to ensure that these rivers are clean. An integrated river basin
management plan has to be put in place in order to ensure good water
quality, which is important for preserving the environment within the
coastal zone.
230.79 sq.km. of mangrove is found along the coastal zone and these
mangrove areas protect the shoreline from erosion. As the Straits of
Johor is a short stretch of water, tidal effects from the two open waters
of the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca have substantial
effect on the shoreline. Much of the mangrove area is being degraded
and encroached upon by committed development, especially in
the Nusajaya, Danga Bay and Tebrau areas. However, it is important
to preserve some of these mangrove areas especially those of the
RAMSAR, Pendas and Kim-Kim.
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 12.3: Existing Land Use of the West Coastal Zone
Gelang Patah
Sungai Pulai
Tanjung
PelepasPort
Second Link
Tanjung BinKukup
Tanjung Piai
Vilages
Planned House
Commercial
Industry
Community Hall
Government Use
Religious Reserve
Education Reserve
Security & Emergency Facilities
Legend
Health Facilities
Cemeteries
Airport
Army Camp
Palace
Port
Infrastructure & Utility
Highway/ Road/ Rail Reserved
Parking
Sea
Port
Infrastructure & Utility
Mangrove Forest
RAMSAR Zone
River/ Pond
Agriculture
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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Figure 12.4: Existing Land Use of the East Coastal Zone
Johor Bahru City
Stulang
Legend
Tebrau
Selat Johor
Pasir Gudang
TanjungLangsat
Vilages
Planned House
Commercial
Industry
Community Hall
Government Use
Religious Reserve
Education Reserve
Security & Emergency Facilities
Health Facilities
Cemeteries
Airport
Army Camp
Palace
Port
Infrastructure & Utility
Highway/ Road/ Rail Reserved
Parking
Sea
Port
Infrastructure & Utility
Mangrove Forest
RAMSAR Zone
River/ Pond
Agriculture
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
12.4 Protection and Development Zones
The coastal areas have historically played a significant role in SJERs
early history due to their importance to trade and transportation. They
remain important until today, supporting fisheries, port activities as well
as settlements. Development is expected to be focused in the coastal
zone and this is reflected in the CDP since much of the infrastructure
development is focused there. Thus, the challenge lies in ensuring that
the pace of development is balanced with the needs for environmental
protection, to ensure that SJER can meet its aspirations of becoming a
world-class sustainable conurbation.
KEY DIRECTION:
CZ 1: Balanced development with environmental protection within
the Coastal Zone to achieve a world-class sustainable conurbation
Two main zones has been identified, the coastal protection zone and
the coastal development zone. Any development in this zone should
take great care to ensure that the environmental standards are met.
A. The Coastal Protection Areas
The protection zones along the coastal area are those areas that have
been designated as preserved mangrove areas. They also include
the four main rivers in SJER which are water intake points and whose
catchment areas need to be protected. The designated protection
areas identified are considered to be the coastal land core areas; the
areas closest to the waterfront and it comprise of:
Table 12.2: Protection Areas
Designated Mangrove Areas Designated Rivers
RAMSAR SitesPendas Mangrove ParkKim-Kim Mangrove Park
Sungai Johor
Sungai PulaiSungai SkudaiSungai Tebrau
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.5: Protection Areas
Johor Bahru
City
GelangPatah
PasirGudang
SungaiPulai
Port of TanjungPelepas
Source: SJER CDP 2025
B. Planning Controls
The SJER CDP Proposal Map, where the coastal zone has been defined,
provides planning controls within these protection areas.
Three other overlay planning zones will also help to control development
of the coastal areas and these are the Environmental Protection
Zone (which most of the mangrove and rivers are defined under),
Aquaculture Zone (particularly the Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor areas
which falls within the coastal zone) and Water Catchment Zone (the
catchment areas for the rivers fall within coastal areas and beyond).
Table 12.3: Three Other Overlay Planning Zones
Coastal Zone
The coastal zone for SJER comprises of the Johor
Straits, within Malaysian boundary, and a 3km inland
zone along the coastline of Johor Straits that also lieswithin the SEC.
EnvironmentalProtection Zone
Overlay of areas are identified to require furtherenvironmental control by virtue of their identificationas Environmental Sensitive Areas (see Chapter on
Natural Environment)
Aquaculture
Zone
Areas within the Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor riverwhich have been identified for aquaculture and
cage-culture activities. Such activities should notdisturb the mangrove forest within these two rivers.
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ)
KEY DIRECTION:
CZ 2: To define and manage the Environmental Protection Zone as
a coastal land buffer area.
For the designated mangrove areas, a 500m Environmental Protection
Zone (EPZ) is imposed around the mangrove forest. This will act as a
buffer to prevent encroachment into the mangrove forest reserves.
Village settlements and small agriculture activities are permitted in these
areas, subject to control so as not to damage and encroach upon the
designated mangrove areas.
Table 12.4: Designated Mangrove Areas and EPZ
Designated Mangrove Areas EPZ Requirements
RAMSAR World Heritage Park (Sungai PulaiMangrove Forest, Tanjung Piai and Pulau
Kukup)Pendas Mangrove ParkKim-Kim Mangrove Park
Sungai Johor Mangrove ForestSungai Lebam Mangrove Forest
500 m all around
500 m all around500 m all around
500 m all around500 m all around
Source: SJER CDP 2025
For other mangrove areas, which are non-designated mangrove
reserves, a minimum buffer of 100m is required.
Table 12.5: Non-Designated Mangrove Areas and EPZ
Designated Mangrove Areas EPZ Requirements
Sungai MelayuSungai Perepat
Sungai Busong
100 m all around100 m all around
100 m all around
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.6: The RAMSAR and 500m EPZ
500 mEnvironmental
Protection Zone
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Aquaculture Zone (AZ)
KEY DIRECTION:
CZ 3: To allow and promote sustainable aquaculture activities in
Sungai Johor and Sungai Pulai
Two rivers have been identified as the Aquaculture Zone (AZ) which are
Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor. Aquaculture activities are only allowed
within the waterways of the rivers and are confined to
cage-cultures. Lightweight structures such as boardwalks and jetties
may be built on stilts to link the mainland to the waterways of the rivers.
Aquaculture activities in Sungai Pulai are expected to be less intensive
than in Sungai Johor where the riverine area is larger and there are
less mangrove forests. The Sungai Johor AZ will support the production
of marine aquaculture fish for which Johor accounts for 40% (2003) of
national production.
A marine park has been identified in Sungai Johor and will include
facilities such as laboratories, lightweight structured jetties, floating
homes, small operations offices and cold rooms. The Economic and
Social Aspect Report 2006 indicates that a total of 46,300 metric tonnes
of production is targeted on these two sites which would make these
major aquaculture industry areas.
Thus, care must be taken to ensure that these aquaculture activities do
not affect the surrounding mangrove forest which are breeding grounds
for the fishing industry. The catchment area of these two rivers, which
are currently of Class II standard (DOE, 2004), need to be preserved.
Figure 12.7: Location plan of AZ
Port ofTanjungPelepas
GelangPatah
PasrGudangSungai
Pulai
Aquaculture Zone
SungaiJohor
Johor Bahru City
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
C. Use and Activities within Coastal Protection Area (CPA)
Careful planning and controls on development have to be imposed on
the coastal protection areas. Generally, no development is allowed
within the coastal protection areas which comprise of the designated
mangrove areas and the five main rivers.
Table 12.6: Activities allowed in the CPAs
Planning Zone Activities Allowed Conditions
Designated
MangroveAreas andOther
Mangroveareas withinCoastal area
No development or
agriculture allowed.Sustainable loggingand low impact
nature tourism may bepermitted; subject tolocal constraints.
However, facilitiesfor visitors such asboardwalks, lookout
towers, visitors centrescan be built.
Nil
River Areas Passive RecreationalactivitiesAqua-culture activities
Jetty and Boardwalks
Does not have impact onthe river eco-system.Cage-culture activities
only. Comply withenvironmental standardsand planning guidelines
for eco-zone.Preferably on pontoon orfloating structures.
MangroveEnvironmentalProtection Zone
(500m and150m bufferareas)
Passive Recreationalactivities
Does not have impacton the mangrove eco-system.
Only in areas identifiedfor passive development.Comply with theenvironmental standards
and planning guidelinesfor eco-zone.
River EPZs Eco-Agriculture activitiesonly.
Eco-Resort Low Density/Low
Impact Resort Homes
Eco-friendly chalets Resort Facilities
Use of herbicide isnot allowed for theseagriculture activities.
Comply withenvironmental standardsand planning guidelines
for eco-zone.
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.8: Examples of activities allowed in Mangrove Areas
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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D. The Coastal Development Zone (CDZ)
The Coastal Development Zones comprise of areas other than the
environmental protection zone and aquaculture zone. These are areas
which can be developed or areas that are already built-up.
The main objective is to ensure major development along waterfront
areas are planned to protect both the urban qualities (urban profile)
and the natural landscape of the area.
Key Direction:
CZ 4: New Development along the waterfront development shall
adapt to the coastal landscape of the area.
This implies that development projects within the coastal area need to
take into consideration the natural elements within the area.
New development along the coastal area should be confined to the
uses allowed in the CDP. Tourism or leisure based activities are the most
appropriate uses along the coastal areas. However, other uses that can
capitalise on the location, while adhering to environmental standards,
should not be denied.
Economic Opportunities
The coastal area of SJER is an important area of economic activity; it
is expected to generate many opportunities to support the growing
population base as this has been emphasised in the Economic Report
of SJER. Three project initiatives that have direct impact to the coastal
areas are:-
Table 12.7: Economic Project Initiatives
Initiative L 1 Enhance Role of PTP as the Maritime Hub
Initiative F 8 Development of Marine Aquaculture Park
Initiative T 5 Development of Waterways Into A Maritime Corridor
Source: Economics Report SJER, 2006, RMA
The Port of Tanjung Pelepas or PTP is not only an important transhipment
port but a focal point for logistics activities. It is further enhancing its
role as a maritime hub and is expanding its services to support all forms
of marine activities. The existence of the port has encouraged manyenterprises to be sited there and hence, creates opportunities for a Free
Zone to be established.
As mentioned in the above section, aquaculture activities in Sungai
Pulai and Sungai Johor are encouraged to support the marine
aquaculture industry. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the Fisheries
Department has targeted to reach the production output of 46,300
metric tones of fish by 2010 which will lead to a demand for fish fry and
fish feed.
Tourism is a major economic sector for the country and SJER has many
opportunities to expand its tourism industry. The coastal areas provide
significant potential for tourism as a result of the attractions of scenic
coastal views while natural resource areas can encourage eco-tourism
activities. The waters of SJER create opportunities for marine sports such
as yachting.
All three of these major initiatives will spur urban development. However,
they are also dependent on a healthy eco-system, hence, the need to
protect the future of the coastal environment.
Planning Control
Careful planning control needs to be exercised over the coastal
areas to guide the development of the waterfront areas. To ensure a
balanced development, the coastal area has been divided into several
sections and the planning guidelines in the table below will be used to
guide developments in this area.
Table 12.8: Planning Controls for Development along Coastal Area
Section Use and Activities Allowed
A Pulau Kukup-Sungai PulaiNo Development Zone except for Tanjung Bin and PTP.Sungai Pulai Waterways Aquaculture activities only
All guidelines as mentioned in Coastal Protection Zone appliesi.e. for Mangrove and River areas.
B Sungai Pulai-2nd CrossingFree Access Zone with 100m buffer from coastal waterfront
C 2nd Crossing- Sungai Pendas Forest Reserve
Medium density residential with 100m buffer from coastalwaterfront
Regional Park at Pendas
No development or agriculture allowed. Sustainablelogging and low impact nature tourism may be permittedsubject to local constraints.
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Section Use and Activities Allowed
D Nusajaya CPAWaterfront development
E Nusajaya CPA Kg Sungai Melayu Facing Selat Johor Waterfront Development Along Sungai Melayu Urban development with 100m
buffer from waterfront
F Sungai Melayu Sungai DangaMedium density Medium high density residential with 100m
buffer from coastal waterfront
G Danga Bay Sg Skudai
Waterfront Development
H Sungai Skudai Johor Bahru City CentreWaterfront development
I Permas Jaya Kota PuteriMedium density Medium high density residential with 100m
buffer from coastal waterfront
Section Use and Activities Allowed
J Pasir GudangPort Activities
K Kim-Kim Regional ParkNo development or agriculture allowed. Sustainable loggingand low impact nature tourism may be permitted subject to
local constraints.
L Sungai Johor Mangrove Reserves
Environmental Protection Area Aquaculture activities only All guidelines as mentioned in Coastal Protection Zone
apply i.e. for Mangrove and River areas.
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.9: Coastal Zone
Kukup
SungaiPulai
SecondLink
Nusajaya
SungaiKim Kim
Pasir Gudang
Johor BahruCity Centre
Johor BahruCity Centre
SungaiMelayu Danga
Bay
SungaiJohor
Pendas MangroveRegional Park
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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Figure 12.10: Major Developments along Coastal Zone
1. RAMSAR Site
2. Tanjung Pelepas Port
3. Free Trade Zone
4. Second Link Free Access Zone
5. Pendas Mangrove Regional Park
6. Nusajaya Waterfront
7. Cyber Park
8. Danga Bay River Development
9. Pantai Lido - Public Zone
10. Johor Bahru Waterfront
11. Johor Bahru Access Free Zone
12. Stulang Park
13. Tebrau Bay River Development
14. Permas Jaya Waterfront
15. Bandar Kota Puteri Waterfront
16. Pasir Gudang Port
17. Pasir Putih Waterfront
18. Sungai Kim - Kim Regional Park
19. Tanjung Langsat Technology Park & Port
20. Aqua Culture Service Centre
21. Sungai Johor Mangrove Park
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
OPEN SPACE51.71 ac
MIXED USE15.42 ac
OPEN SPACE
MIXED USE9.51 ac
MIXED USE9.70 ac
MIXED USE10.64 ac MIXED USE
10.97 ac
MIXED USE4.95 ac
MIXED USE5.79 ac
MIXED USE8.12 ac
MIXED USE8.60 ac
MIXED USE4.99 ac
MIXED USE2.45 ac
MIXED USE3.98 acMIXED USE
2.46 ac
MIXED USE11.17 ac
MIXED USE9.68 ac
MIXED USE12.40 acMIXED USE
13.07 ac
OPEN SPACE4.86 acOPEN SPACE4.70 ac
Mixed Use
Parks
Existing Building (Lot 1)
Promenade
LANDUSE ACREAGE
MIXED USE 161.11
OPEN SPACE 118.78
INFRASTRUCTURE 88.63
TOTAL 368.52
12.5 Johor Bahru Coastal Development
The Johor Bahru coastal area presents an excellent prime waterfront
development opportunity. The development would not only create
an attractive new feature for the city but would also provide the
opportunity to create new public spaces for the benefit of the growing
population. 100 acres of parks and open spaces would be created, in
addition to another 180 acres of land for mixed use development and
infrastructure which have already been created. The opportunity to
reshape the coastal area will result in a new and vibrant waterfront that
will link Johor Bahru City Centre to Danga Bay development. The Johor
Bahru Coastal development will reclaim 250 metres of land to create a
new shoreline.
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.11: Johor Bahru Waterfront Development
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12.6 Proposed Nusajaya Free Access Zone (FAZ)
Another area which has great potential is the proposed Nusajaya Free
Access Zone (FAZ). The land is located just off the western part of the
second crossing and it is 1029 acres in size, which allows for it to be
developed as an integrated FAZ.
The objectives of the FAZ are as follows:
FAZ will help enhance the linkages between SJER and Singapore;
FAZ, if extended to PTP could further enhance the position of the
Port of Tanjung Pelepas;
Subject to approval by SJA and other authorities, the FAZ will create a
seamless work and living environment between Johor and Singapore. A
golf course has also been proposed as part of the recreational facilities
for its population. This will be enhanced further by shopping, food and
entertainment facilities.
Among the proposals of the proposed FAZ is that it will be a 24-hour
city, the FAZ will have no limitations on duration of stay and access
will be permitted at all hours. A smart card system will be developed
to facilitate movement in and out of the area, and to entice
Singaporeans to live in the FAZ and travel to work in Singapore.
Most of the properties here will be on lease. Global businesses will be
encouraged, although business licenses shall be limited to Malaysians.
Direct access to the proposed FAZ from neighbouring areas is
envisaged to be strictly controlled. For example, a 30m bund would be
created, and a canal of 30m in length will be built all along this bund forretention as well as security purposes.
Table 12.9: Development Components in FAZ
LAND USE ACREAGE %
CommercialCommercial CentreOffice Parks
243.63206.35
23.6620.04
Sub Total 449.98 43.71
Open Space
ParksGolf CoursePromenade
Canal
135.79239.74
20.35
62.87
13.1923.281.98
6.11
Sub Total 458.75 44.56
InfrastructureRoad 120.78 11.73
Sub Total 120.78 11.73
GRAND TOTAL 1029.51 100.00
Source: SJER CDP 2025
SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 12.12: Proposed Nusajaya FAZ Development Components
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Figure 12.13: FAZ Development Concepts
COMMERCIAL
46.31 ac
COMMERCIAL
42.59 ac
COMMERCIAL
52.48 ac
PARK
57.85 ac
GOLF COURSE
239.74 ac
OFFICE PARK
160.48 ac
PARK
53.91 ac
OFFICE PARK
45.87 ac
COMMERCIAL
44.48 ac
COMMERCIAL
17.04 ac
COMMERCIAL
9.54 ac
PARK
24.03 ac
COMMERCIAL
15.67 ac
Source: SJER CDP 2025
THE COASTAL AREA
CHAPTER 12 | PART 3
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Public Access
In the coastal zone, public access to the coast shall be secured and
designated to ensure free access for the general public. Thus, for all
new developments, a public right of way in a form of a pedestrian
promenade is proposed.
Figure 12.14: Integration of Promenade along the Coastline
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Visualisation
The visual projection of the coastal zone development is important as
the area is the gateway of Malaysia. Iconic buildings can be located
along the coastline to enhance the skyline of Southern Johor.
Figure 12.15: Iconic Buildings along the Coastline
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Edges
Development works on the edges of the coastal areas are important.
Two types of edges will be proposed along the coastal zone; soft edges
and hard edges.
Figure 12.16: Edges: Green represents soft edges; Orange represents hard edge
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Soft edges are green and blend in with the natural landscape. The
natural protection and eco-zone areas are of natural soft edges
with existing vegetation, while some urban areas with low impact
development will also be of soft edges though it is subject to t reatment
to prevent erosion.
Figure 12.17: Examples of soft edges with existing vegetation
SUPPLEMENTARY ROCKPROTECTION WITH EARTH
INFILL & REPLANTING
EXISTINGAQUATICGROWTH
ORIGINALBEACH
EXISTING EDGEGRADIENT
300mm THICKNESSROCK PROTECTION(NORMINAL 130MMdia.) WITH EARTH
INFILL FOR PLANTGROWTH
Source: SJER CDP 2025
SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
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SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 12.18: Examples of soft edges with treatments alongdevelopment
REDUCE WATER LEVEL OR
CONSTRUCT TEMPORARY BUND,
EXCAVATE SLOPE
TO REDUCE LEVEL AND INSTALL
PROTECTION
EXTENDS 500BEYON BREAK
POINT
MAKE GOOD
LOCALLY
EXCAVATED
MATERIAL
TOPSOIL SITE BOULDERS
STONE FACING
ROCK PROTECTION
GEOTEXTILE
ANGLED AND
STAGGERED GABION
SUBSOIL BACKFILL
MORTAR BEDDING
Source: SJER CDP 2025
Hard edges are suitable for coastlines with commercial or higher impact
development though protection of the seawall should not be harsh.
Instead, it must integrate well with durable materials such as river stones
and good quality timber work.
Figure 12.19: Examples of hard edges with treatments along
developments
CONCRETE PILING
BOLLARD(20MWIDE)
PROMENADE
FEATURE CAPPING
CONCRETERETANINGWALL
EXISTINGEDGEGRADIENT
300mmTHICKNESSROCK PROTECTION(NORMINAL 130MM
dia.)
PROMENADE
(20MWIDE)
Source: SJER CDP 2025
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