05/03/23 Katsushi Arisaka 1
University of California, Los Angeles
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Katsushi Katsushi ArisakaArisaka
XAXXAX10 ton Noble-Liquid Double-10 ton Noble-Liquid Double-
Phase TPC for Rare ProcessesPhase TPC for Rare Processes
XAX Detector (Option A)
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129/131Xe(14 ton)
40Ar(6 ton)
Water Tank Veto 2 m
11 m
136Xe(14 ton)
1.5 m
7m
7 m
XAX Detector (Option B)
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Water Tank Veto
2 m
8 m
1.5 m
8 m
Xe(14 ton)
Year 1 : Natural Xe (14 ton)Year 2 : Argon (6 ton)Year 3: 136Xe (14 ton)Year 4: 129/131Xe (14 ton)
XAX Detector Design
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Liquid Xe (14 ton)
Gas Xe
3” QUPID(Total ~3600)
2 m
Fiducial Volume (7 ton)
1.5 m
-10.1 kV-10 kV
-18 kV
-180 kV-10 kV
-10
kV-10 kV
0 V
20 cm
Why Multiple Targets? Systematic Study of Dark Matter Interaction
Target Mass dependence of Cross section• Xenon vs. Argon
Spin dependence of cross section • 129/131Xe (Spin odd) vs. 136Xe (Spin even)
Precise determination of Mass and Cross section
Neutrino-less Double Beda Decay (DBD) > 1028 years by136Xe (like EXO)
Solar Neutrino 1% measurement of pp chain flux by 129/131Xe.
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QUPID(Quartz Photon Intensifying Detector)
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APD (0 V)
Quartz
Quartz
Quartz
Photo Cathode(-10 kV)
Simulation of Electron Trajectories
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13 inch HAPD for T2K by Hamamatsu
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PE Distribution of 13 inch HAPD
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1 pe2 pe
3 pe
4 pe
5 pe
Comparison Unit R8520 R8778 QUPID QUPID/R8778
Size 1 inch 2 inch 3 inch Shape Square Round Round
Dimension Outer Size mm 25.7 mm square 57 mm diameter 70 mm diameter
Photo Cathode mm 21.8 mm square 45 mm diameter 65 mm diameter Total Area cm2 6.60 25.52 38.48 1.51
Photocathode Area cm2 4.75 15.90 33.18 2.09Filling factor % 72.0% 62.3% 86.2% 1.38
Price Price $ $1,100 $2,700 $2,000 0.74
Price per potocathode area $/cm2 $231 $170 $60 0.36Performance
QE at 175 nm (Typical) % 21% 25% 30% 1.20QE at 175 nm (Best) % 25% 35% 38% 1.09Peak to Vally Ratio 1.3 2.5 5 2.00
ENF 1.3 1.1 1 0.91DQE = QE/ENF (Typical) % 16% 23% 30% 1.32
Radioactivity Total (Typical) mBq 10 50 1.000 0.020
Total (Best) mBq 3 10 0.100 0.010Per area (Typical) mBq/cm2 3.0 3.1 0.030 0.010
Per area (Best) mBq/cm2 0.5 0.4 0.003 0.008
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Expected Performance of QUPID
Large diameter: 3 inch Existing largest PMT with low radioactivity is 2 inch (R8778)
Extremely low radioactivity: 1mBq (now) 0.1mBq (future) To be compared with
• R8778 (2 inch) 50 mBq• R8520 (1 inch) 10 mBq
True photon counting 1,2… 5 photo-electron peaks are clearly visible. Collection efficiency is ~100% Excess Noise Factor (ENF) = 1.0
Fast Timing: < 500 psec 500 psec Transit Time spread expected
Simple HV supply HV supply can be common for all HAPD
• No Tube to tube variation of gains Resister chain not necessary
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Super-LUX
XENON10
LUX
CDMSII
90% CL Sensitivity for WIMP
XENON10
LUX- 100
CDMSII
Energy Resolution of XENON 10
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Xe-129236 keV
Xe-131164 keV
= 0.9% at 2.5 MeV FWHM = 50 keV expected
Xe-129236 keV
Xe-131164 keV
Fraction of 2 neutrino Double Beta Decay Background vs. Energy resolution
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Energy Spectrum (Xe 136 enriched)
Be7 Solar
B8 Solar
2 DBD (1022 yrs)
pp Solar
0 DBD (1027 yrs)
Be7 Solar
B8 Solar
2 DBD (1022 yrs)
pp Solar
0 DBD (1027 yrs)
0 cm shield
10 cm shield
20 cm shield
30 cm shield
Expected Background from Gammas(1 mBq / QUPID)
Expected Background from Gammas(1 mBq / QUPID)
2 DBD (1022 yrs)
0 DBD (1027 yrs)
0 cm shield
10 cm shield
30 cm shield
20 cm shield
B8 Solar
BG ~ 10-7 druFWHMM = 50 keV 4*10-4 /FWHM*kg*year
Expected No. of DBD Signals and Backgrounds(10 ton-year of Liquid Xenon, Window = 2479 ± 25
keV)
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No. of Background Events No. of 0-Neutrino DBD Signals
14 ton 6.6 ton 2.4 ton9 ton 4.2 ton
Summary of DBD Detection All the gamma ray background can be
effectively removed. Low-radioactive QUPID is essential.
• < 1 mBq for > 1027 years• < 0.1 mBq for > 1028 years
Extensive active shielding. • 30 cm cut required (4 ton fiducial volume out of 14 ton.)
Multiple hit cut. Ba2+ tagging is not necessary, unlike EXO.
The tail from two neutrino double beta decays is negligible. based on XENON10, the energy resolution of the
double-phase Xenon should be superior to EXO. = 1.0% at 2.5 MeV (FWHM = 50 keV)• > 3 pe/keV is required
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