1
10º Fórum Internacional de Resíduos Sólidos
Thermochemical Conversion of Residual Biomass and Solid Wastes to Energy Vectors and Organic
Products
The experience at DAO- UA and colaboration with national and internacional partners
2019
Luís António da Cruz Tarelho & colleaguesDepartamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento
Universidade de AveiroPortugal
Main research fields
Residual biomass to energy and organic products
Characterization of biomass fuels
Development of processes and technology for thermochemicalconversion of biomass to energy
Control of air pollution from thermochemical processes
Characterization and management of ashes
Solid waste management
Characterization a management of solid wastes
Material valorization of solid wastes
Energetic valorization of solid wastes 2
Objective of the ongoing work
To develop processes and technology for combustion, pyrolysis andgasification
Fluidized bed reactors
Fixed bed reactors
To optimize operating conditions to the production of heat and power,biochar, bio-oils, syngas, and minimize gaseous pollutant emissions
Evaluate the performance of distinct residual biomass and waste
Evaluate the influence of operating variables and low costmaterials to improve gas properties
Characterize ash related problems and develop managementalternatives for the ashes 3
Residual biomass
4
Residual Forest Biomass
Wood pellets
Proximate analysis (%wt, wet basis)
Moisture 11.0 4.6Volatile matter 71.1 78.5Fixed carbon 16.8 16.6
Ash 1.1 0.3
Ultimate analysis(%wt, dry basis)
Ash 1.20 0.32C 50.80 47.50H 6.50 6.20N 0.25 0.09S nd nd
O (by difference) 41.25 45.89
LHV (MJ/kg dry basis) 18.5 18.0
nd – not determined, below detection limit (100 ppm wt).
5
Other types of residual biomass and wastes
Eucalyptus wood chip fines
Residual forest biomass (Eucalyptus)
Eucalyptus bark pellets
Eucalyptus branches pellets
Secondary sludge
Primarysludge
6
Refused derived fuels pellets
Residualderived fuelfluf
Co-combustion of sewage sludge and residual forest biomass
Pilot-scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (30 kWth)
7
Temperature
PreseureSample Gas (SG)
Water (out)
C
A
DB
L
Water (in)
E
Biomass feeder 1
J
Biomass feeder 2
Heated sampling line (180ºC)
Zirconia cell probefor O2 (ZC)
K
Water (out)
Water (in)
G
F
C3H8Air
To g
as b
urne
r
To g
as b
urne
r
Exit flue gas
Exit flue gasesto fan
Temperature
O
Pressure
Zero Gas, (ZG)
M
UCD0
Pressure
045
000
UCD1
SG
ZG
Sample Gas(SG)
UCE1
UCD2
O2
FTIR
Heated sampling line (180ºC)
Cyclone
Ice
Bat
h
Condensingmaterial
Ice
Bat
h
SGSG
N
Bag filter
HGSU(180ºC)
Seco
ndar
y ai
r
Prim
ary
air
H
UCC2
C3H8
Compressed dry air
Pressureregulator
H H
I
Secondary air
8
Temperature profiles along time during combustion
9
Residual biomass from eucalyptus logging
Residual biomass from eucalyptus logging +
secondary sludge
Longitudinal temperature profiles during combustion
10
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Tem
pera
tura
(ºC)
Distância ao distribuidor (m)
EL-0
EL-0 #2
EL-5
EL-10
EL-10 #2
EL-10 #3
EL-10 #4
EL-10 #5
EL-10 #6
EL-10 #7
ELP-5
ELP-5 #2
ELP-5 #3
ELP-5 #4
Alimentação biomassa
Amostragem gás
Altura leito fixo
Ar secundário (50 L PTN/min)
Permutador de calor (àgua líquida; 0.6 L/min)
Flue gas composition during combustion
11
02468
101214161820
0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00CO₂ (
%v,
dry
gas)
and
H₂O
(%v,
wet
ga
s)
Times (h:m:s)
H₂O CO₂
Secondary sludgefeeding start
Secondary sludge feeding end
Biomass feeding end
Ō₂ = 6.0 % v, dry gas
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00
HCl (
ppm
v, dr
y ga
s)
Time (h:m:s)
HCl
Secondary sludgefeeding
start
Secondary sludge
feeding endBiomass
feeding end
Ō₂ = 6.0 %v, dry gas
Flue gas composition during combustion
12
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00 7:12:00
NO (p
pmv,
dry
gas)
Time (h:m:s)
NO
Secondary sludge feeding start
Secondary sludge feeding end
Biomass feeding end
Ō₂ = 7.0 %v, dry gas
0100200300400500600700800900
4 5 6 7 8 9
CO
(mg/
Nm³,
gase
s sec
os, c
orri
gido
a
11%
O₂ )
O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)
EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5
EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3
Limite de emissão CO (Portaria 677/2009, 11% O₂ )
Flue gas composition during combustion
13
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0
HC
l(m
g/N
m³,
gase
s sec
os,
corr
igid
os p
ara
6% O₂)
O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)
EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #2 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5
EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3 ELP-5 #4
Limite de emissão HClfuturo (corrigido para 6%vO₂, gases secos)
050
100150200250300350400450500
4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0NO (e
xpre
sso
com
o NO
₂, m
g/Nm
³, ga
ses s
ecos
, cor
rigid
o pa
ra 6
% O
₂)
O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)
EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #2 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5
EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3 ELP-5 #4
Limite de emissão NO Limite de emissão NO (expresso como NO₂ , gases secos, 6% O₂, BREF Grandes Instalações de Combustão)
14
Resíduo sólido, kg/s
Ar de combustão, kg/s
CO2, H2O, e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s
Cinzas e escóriaskg/s
Reactor
CombustãoOperação com excesso de O2
Resíduo sólido, kg/s
Agente de gasificação (ar, O2, H2O), kg/s
CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s
Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s
Reactor
Gasificação Operação com deficiência/ausência
de O2
Gasification and co-gasification of residual forest biomass andsolid wastes
The pilot-scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed gasifier (75 kWth)
15
Temperature
PreseureSample Gas (SG)
Water (out)
Prim
ary
air
C
H A
I
DB
O
UCC2
Water (in)
C3H8
E
Temperature
U
Pressure
UCD0
Pressure
045
000
UCD1
UCE1
O2
SICK
Compressed dry air
Biomass feeder 1
J
Biomass feeder 2
Heated (350ºC) sampling lines
Zirconia cell probefor O2 (ZC)
N
Ice
Bat
h
Condensingmaterial
Ice
Bat
h
SG
Pressureregulator
R
Water (out)
Water (in)
G
F
C3H8Air
To g
as b
urne
r F
To g
as b
urne
r F CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4
QSGSG
P
Raw gas
T
Ice
Bat
h
Ice
Bat
h
Ice
Bat
h
ShimadzuGC
5 L (NPT)Gas samplebag
H2, N2
5 L (NPT)Gas samplebag
AirT=20ºCP=2 bar
Exit
flue
gas
S
V
Atm
osph
eric
Air
Ice
Bat
h
Compressed dry air
Pressureregulator
KL
M
Temperature profiles along time during gasification
16
Pellets from RFB from pine
Chipped RFB from pine
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
01:53:30 01:58:30 02:03:30 02:08:30 02:13:30 02:18:30 02:23:30
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Time (h:m:s)
T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9
200
400
600
800
1000
01:51:36 01:56:36 02:01:36 02:06:36 02:11:36 02:16:36 02:21:36
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Time (h:m:s)
T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9
Longitudinal temperature profiles during gasification
17
200
400
600
800
1000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Distance from distributer plate (m)
WPE1
WPE2
WPE3
WPE4
Biomass feeding
Gas samplingBed height(fluidized)
Gas composition (dry gas) during gasification
18
Pellets from RFB from pine
Chipped RFB from pine
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
00:18:43 00:23:43 00:28:43 00:33:43 00:38:43 00:43:43 00:48:43CO
2, C
O, C
H4,
C2H
4(%
v, d
ry g
ases
)
Time (h:m:s)
CO2 CO CH4 C2H4
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
00:50:24 00:55:24 01:00:24 01:05:24 01:10:24 01:15:24 01:20:24CO
2, C
O, C
H4,
C2H
4(%
v, d
ry g
ases
)
Time (h:m:s)
CO2 CO CH4 C2H4
19
Gas composition (dry gas) and heating value during gasification
Pellets from residual forest biomass from pine (WPE)
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
LHV
(MJ/
Nm³ d
ry g
as)
CO₂,
CO
, H₂,
CH₄,
C₂H₄
(%v,
dry
gas
)
Equivalence ratio
WPE-CO₂ WPE-CO WPE-H₂
WPE-CH₄ WPE-C₂H₄ WPE-LHV
20
Gas composition (dry gas) and heating value during gasification
Chipped residual forest biomass from eucalyptus (BEE)
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
LHV
(MJ/
Nm³ d
ry g
as)
CO₂,
CO
, H₂,
CH₄,
C₂H₄
(%v,
dry
gas
)
Equivalence ratio
BEE-CO₂ BEE-CO BEE-H₂BEE-CH₄ BEE-C₂H₄ BEE-LHV
Process efficiency parameters
Cold Gas Efficiency
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
CG
E (%
)
Equivalence ratio
BPE WPE BEE
WPE pellets from RFB from pine BPE chipped RFB from pineBEE chipped RFB from eucalyptus
Process efficiency parameters
Carbon Conversion Efficiency
22
WPE pellets from RFB from pine BPE chipped RFB from pineBEE chipped RFB from eucalyptus
0102030405060708090
100
0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
CC
E (%
)
Equivalence ratio
BPE WPE BEE
Influence of low cost catalyst (ash) on raw gas composition (drygas) and heating value
23
WPE4-NR WPE4-R
CO
, CO
2, CH
4, H2 (%
v, d
ry g
as) a
nd L
HV
(MJ/
Nm
3 , dry
gas
)0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
CO2
COCH4
C2H4H2 LHV
Reactor with ashes Dry gas composition and heating value
Gas passingthe reactor
Gas without passing
the reactor
24
Co-gasification of solid wastes and residual biomass
A. M. A. Tavares, R.G. Pinto, D. T. Pio, M. A. A. Matos, L. A. C. Tarelho, V. Silva
Projeto PoliTechWaste - Análise das Políticas e da tecnologia de gasificação deresíduos/biomassa para a produção de energia em Portugal,CMU/TMP/0032/2017, no âmbito do Programa Carnegie Mellon Portugal - 2017financiado pela FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.
Annual waste productionworldwide is expected toincrease by 70%, comparedwith 2016, to 3.40 billiontonnes by 2050.
Figure 1. Projected waste generation, by region (millions of tonnes/year) (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-
waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html).
25
Waste composition in macro-components
Figure 4- Waste composition in Portugal in 2017 (Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos
2017, 2018).
Figure 5- Global Waste composition in 2016, Workd(The World Bank).
Portugal World
26
Waste treatment and disposal
Figure 2. Portugal waste treatment and disposal in 2016 (Source: Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos
2017, 2018).
Figure 3. Global Waste treatment and disposal in 2016 (Source:The World
Bank).
Portugal World
27
Main infrastructures of MSW treatment in Portugal Continental
Source: Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos 2017, 2018).
Valorization of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
Integrated management of MSW
Mechanical biologic treatment
Material valorization
Energetic valorization
Municipal solid waste incineration (Waste-to-Energy)
Mixed waste
Production and use of Refuse Derived Fuels
Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable fraction for biogas
Heat and power (electric) production and integration in theenergy mix of regions
28
The Mechanical Biologic Treatment(MTB) facility
Process integration in aMTB facility
29
30
Solid waste as a feedstock to energy vectors
Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MTB)
Material separation
Recycling
Energetic valorization (Refuse Derived Fuel)
Organic (biodegradable) valorization
Biogas to energy
Compost
31
32
Waste incineration
Conventional approach to waste to energy recovery;
It is the complete oxidation of the combustible materials contained in thesolid fuel and the process is highly exothermic;
The two main technologies:Moving grate or fluidized beds
Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.
33
Typical technology
Grate furnace Fluidized bed furnace Rotary kiln
Leckner B. Process aspects in combustion and gasification Waste-to-Energy (WtE) units.Waste Management 2015; 37:13-25.
34
Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy (CEWEP )http://www.cewep.eu/
http://www.cewep.eu/interactive-map/
35
36
MSW Incineration capacity for various countries
Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.
37
Growth of MSW Incineration
Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.
38
MSW Incineration in Portugal Continental
Nome TecnologiaCapacidade de
processamento de resíduos
Potência eléctricainstalada
Central de Valorização Energética
LIPOR IIGrelha
380 000 t/ano
(43 ton/h)25 MWe
Central de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
VALORSUL
Grelha662 000 t/ano
(75 ton/h)50 MWe
39
Drawbacks of conventional WtE option include:
High moisture content material
Food wastes (35wt. to 50%wt) of the MSW
Low efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle
Alternatives include:
Divert the biodegradable fraction to more suitableapplications
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Produce solid fuels (e.g., RDF) with selected fractions
40
Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
Solid fuel prepared from non-hazardous waste, which purpose is to recover energyfrom incineration or co-incineration plants, in strict compliance with legislation.(Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente)
The waste used as raw material for the preparation of the RDF can be municipalsolid waste, non-hazardous industrial waste, construction and demolition waste,waste water treatment, etchttps://apambiente.pt/index.php?ref=16&subref=84&sub2ref=254&sub3ref=1456
41
RDF production in Portugal
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
tone
lada
s
Ano
Produção de Material para CDR Quantitativo de CDR produzido
Evolução do quantitativo de CDR produzido entre 2015 e 2017 em Portugal(adaptado do Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos 2017, 2018).
42
Co-gasification of RDF and biomass in Bubbling Fluidized Bed
RDF pellets Pine chips
Ultimate analysis (%wt., dry basis)
C 54.0 46.4
H 7.4 6.6
N 0.5 0.2
S nd nd
O (by difference) 24.1 46.5
Proximate analysis (%wt., wet basis)
Moisture 4.3 11.0
Volatile matter 75.2 77.9
Fixed carbon 7.1 10.8
Ash 13.4 0.3
Lower heating value (MJ/kg) (wet basis)
23.4 16.8
43
Operating conditions of the pilot-scale BFB
Experiment referenceRDF
(%wt.)Equivalence ratio
(ER)Average bed Temperature
(ºC)
P-1C0 0 0.23 803,0P-2C10 10 0.22 803.3P-3C20 20 0.22 785.1P-4C10 10 0.25 804.2P-5C20 20 0.25 794.2P-6C0 0 0.31 806.3P-7C10 10 0.30 807.1P8-C20 20 0.31 811.1P9-C0 0 0.36 817.3
44
Influence of the RDF percentage in the fuel blend, in theproducer gas composition
Dry gas composition (H₂, CH₄, CO, CO₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈) and Equivalence Ratio in the
gasification experiments.
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0
5
10
15
20
PE-1
C0
PE-2
C10
PE-3
C20
PE-4
C10
PE-5
C20
PE-6
C0
PE-7
C10
PE8-
C20
PE9-
C0
Eq
uiv
ale
nce
ra
tio
(E
R)
H₂,
CH₄,
CO
, C
O₂,
C₂H₄,
C₂H₆,
C₃H₈(
%v/v
,
dry
ga
s)
H₂ CH₄ CO CO₂ C₂H₄ C₂H₆ C₃H₈ ER
45
Influence of the RDF ratio on Lower Heating Value (LHV), ColdGas Efficiency (CGE)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
P-1C0 P-2C10 P-3C20 P-4C10 P-5C20 P-6C0 P-7C10 P8-C20 P9-C0
LHV
[MJ/
Nm
³ dry
gas
CG
E, C
CE
[%]
CGELHV
ER = 0.22 to 0.23
ER = 0.25
ER= 0.30 to 0.31
46
Preliminary conclusions
It was demonstrated the feasibility of the co-gasification of biomass andRDF for the conditions tested, and that was reflected by stable profiles oftemperature and gas composition along time, working in an autothermalregime.
It was possible to burn the raw gas continuously in the gasburner without needing an additional gas source, and also thebed didn’t show defluidization problems.
16 ANOS
Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoEm Engenharia Mecânica
Projecto em colaboração com a UNISINOS
Desenvolvimento de Equipamento para PD&I em EscalaLaboratorial para Ensaios de combustão e gasificaçãode Biomassa em reator de leito fluidizado.
Coordenador: Carlos MoraesVice-coordenador: Paulo Wander
Chamada pública P&D CGTE 2017Comitê de P&D - Departamento de Engenharia e NovosNegócios, Diretoria de Engenharia, Expansão e MeioAmbiente – Eletrobras CGTEE
48
Resíduo sólido, kg/s
Agente de gasificação (ar, O2, H2O), kg/s
CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s
Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s
Reactor
Gasificação Operação com deficiência/ausência
de O2
Resíduo sólido, kg/sReactor
Pirólise Operação na ausência de O2
CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), hidrocarbonetos pesados (alcatrões (Tar)), espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s
Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s
Pyrolysis process for residual biomass and wastes
The goal of the research:
Char
Char (charcoal) as fuel for combustion processes
Char for adsorbents
Added value product
Biochar
Emerging product for soil amendment
Liquids
Biofuels / Chemicals
Permanent gases
Biofuels / Syngas / Chemicals 49
The bench-scale Fixed Bed and Bubbling Fluidized Bedpyrolyser/gasifier – Batch operated
50
Some results
51
Neves et al. Volatile gases from biomass pyrolysis underconditions relevant for fluidized bed gasifiers. Journal ofAnalytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2017; 127:57-67.
Some results
52
Biochar production from biological sewage sludge
53
The bench-scale pyrolysis reactor for biochar production
54
Bio-oils production (fixed bed) from biological sewage sludge
55
Biochar yield and characteristics
56
0
20
40
60
80
100
300 375 450 525 600
Bio
char
yie
ld (
%w
t., d
ry b
asis
)
Peak temperature (°C)
2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min
0
10
20
30
40
50
300 375 450 525 600
Vol
atile
mat
ter
(%w
t., d
ry b
asis
)
Peak temperature (°C)
2ºC/min 10ºC/min 20ºC/min 30ºC/min
0
10
20
30
40
50
300 375 450 525 600
Fix
ed c
arbo
n (%
wt.,
dry
bas
is)
Peak Temperature (°C)
2ºC/min 10ºC/min 20ºC/min 30ºC/min
Biochar characteristics
570
2
4
6
8
10
12
300 375 450 525 600
pH
Peak temperature (ºC)
2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min
0
1
2
3
4
5
300 375 450 525 600
Ele
ctric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (
mS
/cm
)
Peak temperature [ºC]
2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min
0
10
20
30
40
50
N C H S
Con
cent
ratio
n (%
wt.,
dry
bas
is)
T=450ºC
2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 30 ºC/min
Aluno: Genyr Kappler
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EMENGENHARIA CIVIL - DOUTORAMENTO
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PRODUTOS A PARTIR DA BIOMASSA RESIDUAL
AGRÍCOLA POR MEIO DA CONVERSÃO TERMOQUÍMICA
58
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos A.M. MoraesCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Luís A.C. Tarelho
59
Rice Husk
Celullose 31.3 %wt. dbHemicelullose 24.3 %wt. dbLignin 14.8 %wt. db
Coconut ShellCelullose 25.9 %wt. dbHemicelullose 24.5 %wt. dbLignin 37.8 %wt. db
Sugar Cane BaggassCelullose 42.0 %wt. dbHemicelullose 35.3 %wt. dbLignin 20.8 %wt. db
Biomass used in the study
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Rendimentos em termos de análise Imediata para a taxa de aquecimento de 10°C/min.
Cinzas Voláteis Carbono fixo
Char yield and proximate analysis
61
Suggested application of biochar as soil amendment
62
Energy policy in the context of biomass and bioenergy
63
Demonstration facility
Management of ash from industrial biomass combustion for heatand power
Most installations haveBubbling Fluidised BedCombustors (BFBC).
Industrial installations withless than 5 MWth are not included.
Thermal power plants (MVA)A – 13F – 2G – 10H – 10I – 12.5K - 37L – 5O – 14.5N – 3Q – 12.5
Co-generation plants (MVA)B – 14C – 28D – 40E – 1J – 14M – 25P – 5R – 27
Thermal power plants (MVA)A – 13F – 2G – 10H – 10I – 12.5K - 37L – 5O – 14.5N – 3Q – 12.5
Co-generation plants (MVA)B – 14C – 28D – 40E – 1J – 14M – 25P – 5R – 27
64
65
High moistureHigh inert (forest soil and little stones) content
Practices of FBR management
Ashes from RFB combustion in bubbling fluidized beds
66
Secondary airBiomass
Fresh sand
Primary air
Electrostacticprecipitator
Fly ash
Bottom bed ash(BB)
Fly ash(ESP1)
Fly ash(ESP2)
Fly ash(EC)
Fly ash(SH)
Terceary air
Econ
omis
er
Fluidised bed
Supe
r hea
ter
Chi
mne
y
Fan
Air p
re-h
eate
r
T1
T2
T3T4
T5
T6
T7
T0
C1
Flue gas
Characteristics of the ashes
Bottom ash Fly ash
67pH Conductivity
pH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cond
uctiv
ity (m
S/cm
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14BA-FBC1FA-FBC1BA-FBC2FA-FBC2
Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Ti P Si
% w
t (dr
y ba
sis)
0.0
0.5
1.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0BBA-FBC1FA-FBC1BA-FBC2FA-FBC2
Combustion installations
Combustion technology Biomass Operating conditions
Ash properties
Detailed knowledge about ash properties
Define proper ash management solutions
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Management of the ashes from biomass combustion in Portugal
Ashes are classified as a waste
Distinct codes (European List of Wastes) considering ash type
Slags (code 100101)Bottom ash from FBC (code 100124).Fly ash (code 100103)
New applications for the ashes have been studied
Recycling of nutrients to the agriculture and forest soil
Material valorization in cement and construction materials
Materials for distinct environmental applications
Recovering of degraded mining soils
pH control in several processes 69
Ash using in recovering of degraded mining areas
Demonstration project
Life No-Waste (http://www.lifenowaste.pt/s/)
Movie
Valorization in construction materials
Valorization in construction materials
Application of the ashes to pH control in anaerobic digestion
73
Material valorisation of ash: a key issue in biomass to energy
Ash
Construction materials
Recycling of nutrients to the soil
Other material valorization
Disposal in landfill
Saving natural resources
Environmental assessm
ent of distinct m
anagement options
74
Important topics to research
Residual biomass and wastes to energy in thermochemical processes isincreasing worldwide
It is needed to develop and optimize biomass pre-treatment andtechnologies to produce biomass solid fuels with suitable quality
It is needed to develop and optimize environmental compatiblethermochemical conversion processes
It is needed to develop low cost materials to improve gas quality duringthermochemical conversion of biomass
It is needed to develop environmental compatible solutions for ashmanagement
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It is acknowledged the financial support from projects:
Bias-to-soil. Biomass ash: Characteristics in relation to its origin, treatmentand application to soil.PTDC/AAC-AMB/098112/2008 - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008487
BiomAshTech: Ash impacts during thermo-chemical conversion of biomass.PTDC/AAC-AMB/116568/2010 - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-019346
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Main ongoing projects respecting wastes in Circular Economy
No_Waste - Management of biomass ash and organic waste in therecovery of degraded soils: A pilot project set in Portugal.LIFE14 ENV/PT/000369, 2016-2019http://www.lifenowaste.pt/s/
PROTEUS – Products and technologies for the sector of EucalyptusglobulusPOCI-01-0247-FEDER-017729, 2016-2019The Navigator Company and University of Aveiro
Development of new products:
Biochar from sewage sludgeGeopolymers with ashesEcological mortars with ashes
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Started in 2018
InPaCTus - Produtos e Tecnologias Inovadores a partir do EucaliptoLiderado pela The Navigator Company, e financiado no âmbito doSistema de Incentivos à Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico(SI I&DT), Aviso Nº 07/SI/2015, Projectos de Interesse Especial e deInteresse Estratégico de I&D, Portugal 2020.
Sub-projecto - Biorefinaria
Produção de gás por gasificação de biomassa
Biocombustíveis e compostos de elevado valoracrescentado por pirólise de biomassa
78
Started in 2018
Policy and technology analysis of waste/biomass residue gasificationfor energy production in Portugal.CMU/TMP/0032/2017
NoTarGas - Novel catalyst concepts for tar-free oxy-steamgasification of biomass.C495114434-00094664
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