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The Social SurveyThe Social SurveyICBSICBS
Nurit Dobrin
December 2010
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The Social Survey
Annual survey, new sample each year, individuals age 20 and over
Provides updated information of living conditions and the welfare of the population
Core: Geographic, demographic and socio-economic information, including attitudes
Annual subject – recent years: Views concerning government services, welfare, social mobility, religiosity, family, health and lifestyle, use of technology.
SocialSocial
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Promotion of employees in the workplace:
Are men promoted more then women?
Based on the Israeli Social survey 2008
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Table 1. Employment status by sex, age 25-64
2008
women men Total
1,699,005
100.0
1,635,805
100.0
3,334,810
100.0
Total
63.7 81.3 72.4 Employed
4.3 3.4 3.8 Unemployed
32.0 15.3 23.8 Not in labour force
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Table 2. Full-time versus part-time
employment by sex, age 25-64, 2008
women men Total 1,082,137 100.0
1,297,370 100.0
2,379,507 100.0
Total
72.8 92.9 83.7 Full-time 27.2 7.1 16.3 Part-time
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 1. Gross income from work, in NIS, by sex, 2008, percentages
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Promotion at work place
“Has there been any change in your status at work (comparing
the beginning of your employment to the current period)?”
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 2. Employees reporting promotion at
work, by seniority and sex, 2008, percentages
seniority
Up to 4 years
Total
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Occupation, gender and promotion
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Table 3. Rate of promotion of employees by occupation1 and sex, 2008 Social Survey, percentages
1Based on occupations at a 2-digit differentiation level. Employees in occupations
with less than 50% women Employees in occupations
with more than 50% women
Thousands Percent
956.9 100.0
965.0 100.0
Promoted at work 45.7 37.9
Men Women Men Women
Thousands 747.3 226.3 209.6 755.4
Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Promoted at work 44.3 50.9 43.3 36.2
Not promoted at work 55.7 49.1 56.7 63.8
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 3. Employees by gross monthly income,
sex, education and promotion, 2008, percentages
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
up to3,000
3,001-4,000
4,001-5,000
5,001-6,000
6,001-7,500
7,501-10,000
10,001-14,000
14,000-21,000
morethen
21,000% acad. men % acad. Women% men prom. % women prom.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of seniority in the workplace by number of weekly work hours,
workplace promotion, and sex, 2008, percentages
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
עד 9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-44 45-49 50-59 +60
Num hours a week
hours a week men hours a week women
promotion men promotion women
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of seniority by age of youngest child in the household
and workplace promotion, 2008, percentages
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Table 4. The effect of sex and other background variables on workplace promotion
logistical regression, odds ratio
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Diagram 5. Estimated probability of
promotion at work according to the model
womenmen
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Conclusions and Discussion
• Overall, the percentage of women reporting promotion was lower than the percentage of men
• The literature indicates that men are more motivated by promotion
• women are over-represented in jobs characterized by low wage mobility, or ‘Dead end jobs’.
• These jobs are especially present in the public sector
• Women report more “damage” in the occupational sphere as a result of childbirth.
• Lower participation of women in the labor market in terms of number of work hours and full-time versus part-time work.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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…Conclusions and Discussion
• On the other hand, when women and men hold the same positions, both have a similar level of wage mobility.
• At similar income levels, women are promoted more than men, probably due to a relatively high rate of academic degree holders among these women.
• A similar outcome is obtained when the number of work hours is held constant: in each category of work hours per week, women are promoted more.
• When the youngest child is of mandatory schooling age or older, women are promoted more.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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…Conclusions and Discussion
• The multivariate analysis also demonstrates the complex outcome:– When work hours are not held constant, the sex of
the employee has no significant effect on the probability of promotion.
– Only when work hours are taken into consideration does the correlation become significant – but it is women who have a higher probability of promotion.
– Thus, the sex of the employee has an effect only when the other characteristics of the work, where the distribution of men and women is not random, are included in the analysis.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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The Simpson Paradox
The question whether women are promoted in the workplace less than men appears to have two different answers.
As we have seen, the solution to the paradox lies in the relatively low representation of women in groups characterized by higher rates of promotion (higher wage earners, “profitable” occupations, workers who invest a large number of work hours, and more).
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Explanations• Several possible explanations for the fact that when
various demographical and occupational variables are held constant, women report more promotion: – Women reach these positions as a result of promotion,
whereas men reach them by other means, such as due to initial terms of employment or contract parameters.
– Women who invest the work hours and accumulate the seniority allowing progress at work may attain higher achievements, and therefore earn more promotion than men.
– A different interpretation by men and women of “promotion in status or position,” as the survey was worded.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Nurit Dobrin, the Social SurveyICBS
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