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-David Silva
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Language, Networks, and Identity in the Azorean Diaspora
One Family’s Sociolinguistic Profile
David J. Silva, Vice Provost for Academic Affairs & Professor of LinguisticsThe University of Texas at Arlington ♦ [email protected] ♦ http://ling.uta.edu/~david
Narrating the Portuguese Diaspora (1928-2008): International Conference on StorytellingThe University of Lisbon ♦ October 23-25, 2008
3
Levels of Discourse
• Lifetime• Life Stages• Episodes• Paragraphs• Sentences• Phrases• Words• Morphemes• Sounds
• Form
• Meaning
• Function
Sign}
4
5
“früta” “nöt”
“cöves”“üvas”
“lüa”
6
u m
d o i s
t r e s
q u a t r o
c i n c o
s e i s
s e t
o i t o
ü m
d ö s
t r é s
q u ó t r o
c i n c o
s e s
s æ t
ö t o
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
More CorrespondencesS
tand
ard
Por
tugu
ese
Sta
ndar
d P
ortu
gues
eS
. Miguel
S. M
iguel P
ortugueseP
ortuguese
7
u m
d o i s
t r ê s
q u a t r o
c i n c o
s e i s
s é t
o i t o
ü m
d ö s
t r é s
q u ó t r o
c i n c o
s ê s
s æ t
ö t o
More CorrespondencesS
tand
ard
Por
tugu
ese
Sta
ndar
d P
ortu
gues
eS
. Miguel
S. M
iguel P
ortugueseP
ortuguese
8
u
d o i
t r ê
q u a
c i
s e i
s é
o i
ü m
ö s
é s
ó t r o
i n c o
ê s
æ t
ö t o
More CorrespondencesS
tand
ard
Por
tugu
ese
Sta
ndar
d P
ortu
gues
eS
. Miguel
S. M
iguel P
ortugueseP
ortuguese
9
i u
ê ô
é ó
a
i u ô
ó
ê a
é
Standard Portuguese Vowels
The PortugueseVowel Shift
10
i ü u
ê ö ô
é ó
æ (α)
S. Miguel Portuguese Vowels
11
(from the continent)
Emigration to the USA
12
Micaelenses:Minority within the Minority
13
The Central Questions
• To what extent to Micaelenses preserve their native dialect?
• Is there evidence of convergence toward a more standard type of Portuguese?
• How might varying patterns of language use be understood?
14
The Methods
15
The Family
16
MotherStandard Portuguese
i u
ê ô ou
é ó
a
i u
ê ô ou ó
é a
Micaelensismos:
• fronted /u/ = [ü]
• fronted /ou/ = [ö]
• lowered /é/ = [æ]
• backed /a/ = [α]
Standard-like Forms:
• /ê/
• /ô/
Surprises:
• merged / ô / and /ó/
• no [u] sound
i
e
a
ó
o
u
ou
i
e
é
a
ó
o
u
é
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
200700120017002200
17
Eldest SonStandard Portuguese
i u
ê ô ou
é ó
a
i u
ô ê ou ó
é a
Micaelensismos:
• lowered /ê/ = [ε]
• lowered /é/ = [æ]
Standard-like Forms:
• /u/
• /ô/
• /ó/
• /a/
• /ou/
Very Standard
18
Second SonStandard Portuguese
i u
ê ô ou
é ó
a
i u
ê ô ou
ó é a
Micaelensismos:
• fronted /u/ = [ü]
• fronted /ou/ = [ö]
• lowered /é/ = [æ]
• backed /a/ = [α]
Standard-like Forms:
• /ê/
• /ô/
• /ó/
Surprises:
• no [u] sound
19
Youngest SonStandard Portuguese
i u
ê ô ou
é ó
a
i u ô
ê ó ou
é a
Micaelensismos:
• fronted /u/ = [ü]
• fronted /ou/ = [ö]
• lowered /é/ = [æ]
• backed /a/ = [α]
• raised /ô/ = [u]
• raised /ó/ = [ô]
Standard-like Forms:
• /ê/
Surprises:
• Well… none, really
20
Summary of Behaviors
Standard S. MiguelPortuguese Portuguese
AccommodatedMicaelense
StereotypedMicaelense
21
Luso ~ Anglo Matrix
Contact-Participation inLuso Community
High Low
Contact-Participation
in Anglo Community
High BiculturalBalanced Bilingual
AssimilatedEnglish Dominant
Low TraditionalPort Dominant
Marginalized? ? ?
After Berry 2003
22
Mico ~ Luso Matrix
Contact-Participation inMicaelense Community
High Low
Contact-Participation
in Larger Luso Community
HighAccommodated
MicaelenseStandard
Portuguese
LowStereotyped Micaelense
No Portuguese
After Berry 2003
23
Mico ~ Luso MatrixCouples
Contact-Participation inMicaelense Community
High Low
Contact-Participation
in Larger Luso Community
High
Accommodated Micaelense
Standard Portuguese
Low
Stereotyped Micaelense
No Portuguese
After Berry 2003
“outside”partner
“inside”partner
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Shifting “Fields” Create New Versions of “Habitus”
S. MiguelPortuguese
Standard Portuguese
S. MiguelPortuguese
Standard Portuguese
U.S. English Accommodated SMP
StereotypedSMP
English Dominant
Portuguese Dominant
25
Conclusions
• “Telling our stories” reaches into the smallest units– transcends the semantic content of the narrative
– even the smallest forms are emblematic
• “Who we are” is often about networking– Contact with the Micaelense community preserves
stereotyped forms
– Contact with larger Lusophone community encourages the adoption of standard forms (at the expense of Micaelense forms)
• The clearest markers of Micaelense identity are the fronted vowels [ü] and [ö]
26
Epilogue: Why Bother?
Labov’s Principles of Applied Dialectology
• The Principle of Error Correction- inform the public
• The Principle of Debt Incurred- serve the public good
• The Principle of Linguistic Gratuity- return linguistic favors to the community
Language, Networks, and Identity in the Azorean Diaspora
One Family’s Sociolinguistic Profile
David J. SilvaThe University of Texas at Arlington ♦ [email protected] ♦ http://ling.uta.edu
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