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Basic Structure of a Cell
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1. CELL(makes up ALL organisms)
2. TISSUE(cells working together3. ORGAN(heart, brain, stomach )
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS(respiratory,
circulatory )
5. ORGANISM
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History of Cells & the
Cell Theory
Cell Specialization
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First to View Cells
In 1665, RobertHookeused amicroscope to
examine a thin sliceof cork(dead plantcell walls)
What he saw lookedlike small boxes
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First to View Cells
Hooke isresponsible fornaming cells
Hooke called themCELLS becausethey looked like
the small roomsthat monks lived incalled Cells
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Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673,Leeuwenhoek(aDutch microscopemaker), was first to
view organism(livingthings)
Leeuwenhoek used a
simple, handheldmicroscope to viewpond water &scrapings from his
teeth
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1838, a Germanbotanist namedMatthias Schleiden
concluded that allplantswere made ofcells
Schleiden is acofounderof thecell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1839, a Germanzoologist namedTheodore Schwann
concluded that allanimalswere madeof cells
Schwann alsocofoundedthe celltheory
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1855, a Germanmedical doctor namedRudolph Virchow
observed, under themicroscope, cellsdividing.
He reasoned that allcells come from otherpre-existing cellsbycell division
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CELL THEORY
All living things aremade of cells.
Cells are the basic unitof structure andfunction in an organism
(basic unit of life) Cells come from thereproduction of existing
cells (cell division)
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Discoveries
sincethe Cell Theory
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
In 1970, Americanbiologist, Lynn Margulis,provided evidence thatsome organelles within cells
were at one time freeliving cellsthemselves
Supporting evidence
included organelles withtheir own DNA
Chloroplast & Mitochondria
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Cell Size and Types
Cells, the basic units of organisms, canonly be observed under microscope.
Three basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell
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Prokaryotes The first cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Includes bacteria. Simplest type of cell.
Single, circular chromosome.
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Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region(center) contains theDNA.
Surrounded by cellmembrane & cell wall(peptidoglycan).
Contain ribosomes (no
membrane)in theircytoplasm to makeproteins.
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Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE anucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Includes protists, fungi,plants, and animals.
More complextype of
cells.
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cellstructures:
Nucleus Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell Animal Cell
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Organelles
Very small(Microscopic)
Perform various functionsfor a
cell Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound
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Animal Cell Organelles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Composed of double layer of phospholipids andproteins
Surroundsoutside of ALL cells Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Living layer
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Phospholipids
Headscontain glycerol &phosphate and are hydrophilic(attract water)
Tailsare made of fatty acids
and are hydrophobic(repelwater)
Make up a bilayerwhere tails
point inwardtoward each other Can move laterallyto allow
small molecules(O2, CO2, &
H2O to enter)
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The Cell Membrane is Fluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly movingand changing
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Cell Membrane Proteins
Proteins help move largemolecules or aid in cellrecognition
Peripheral proteinsareattached on the surface(inner or outer)
Integral proteinsare
embedded completelythrough the membrane
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Recognizeself
GLYCOPROTEINS
Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tailsto act
as markers for cell recognition
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Jelly-like
substance enclosedbycell membrane Provides a medium
for chemicalreactionsto takeplace
Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
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Controls the normalactivities of the cell Contains the DNA in
chromosomes Bounded by anuclear envelope
(membrane) withpores.
Usually the largest
organelle
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixednumber ofchromosomes that
carry genes Genes control cellcharacteristics
Nucleus
More on the Nucleus
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Nuclear Envelope
Double membranesurroundingnucleus
Also called nuclear membraneContains nuclear poresformaterials to enter & leavenucleus
Connected to the rough ER
Nuclearpores
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Inside the Nucleus -
The genetic material (DNA) is found
DNA is spread outAnd appears asCHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed &wrapped around proteins
formingas CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditarymaterialof the cell
Genesthat make up the DNA
molecule code for differentproteins
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Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Cell may have 1
to 3nucleoli Disappearswhencell divides
Makes ribosomesthat makeproteins
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Cytoskeleton
Helps cell maintain cellshape
Also help moveorganellesaround
Made of proteins
Microfilamentsarethreadlike & made of
ACTIN Microtubulesare
tubelike & made ofTUBULIN
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Centrioles
Found only in animalcells
Paired structures nearnucleus
Made of bundle ofmicrotubules
Appear during celldivisionforming mitotic
spindle Help to pull chromosome
pairs apartto oppositeends of the cell
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Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)
Powerhouse of the cell Generate cellular energy
(ATP) More active cellslike
musclecells have MOREmitochondria
Both plants & animal cellshave mitochondria
Site of CELLULARRESPIRATION(burningglucose)
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MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLEmembrane
Folded inner membranecalled CRISTAE(increases surface area
for more chemicalReactions)
Has its own DNA
Interior called MATRIX
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Interesting Fact ---
MitochondriaCome fromcytoplasm in the
EGG cell duringfertilization
Therefore
You inherit yourmitochondriafrom your
mother!
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What do mitochondria do?
Burns glucose torelease energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
Power plantof the cell
E d l i R i l ER
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Connects to nuclear envelope & cellmembrane
Functions in Synthesisof cell products &
Transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RoughER)
Has ribosomeson its surface
Makesmembraneproteins andproteins for
EXPORT out ofcell
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(Rough ER)
Proteins are madeby ribosomes on ERsurface
They are thenthreaded into theinterior of the
Rough ERto bemodified andtransported
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ERlacksribosomes on its
surface Is attached to the
endsof rough ER
Makes cell productsthat are USEDINSIDE the cell
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Functions of the Smooth ER
Makes membranelipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium(muscle cells)
Destroys toxic
substances(Liver)
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected
to cell membrane (transport)
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Ribosomes
Made of PROTEINSand rRNA Protein factories for cell Join amino acidsto make proteins
Process called protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
Can be attached toRough ER
RBe free
(unattached)in thecytoplasm
G l i B di
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Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs
Have a shipping side(trans face) andreceiving side (cis face)
Receive proteinsmadeby ER
Transport vesicleswithmodified proteins pinch
off the ends
Transportvesicle
CIS
TRANS
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Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ERfor storageORtransportout of cell
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Golgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER
to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
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Lysosomes
Contain digestiveenzymes
Break down food,bacteria,and worn out
cell partsfor cells Programmed forcell
death (AUTOLYSIS)
Lyse (break open) &release enzymestobreak down & recycle
cell parts)
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Lysosome Digestion
Cells take infood byphagocytosis
Lysosomesdigestthe food& get rid ofwastes
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