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History - Dogs in Space
A Russian stray dog named Laika was the first biological specimen to orbit the Earth. She flew aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft launched on November 3, 1959.
Laika became an international celebrity, with several countries, from Romania to Mongolia, celebrating the event with commemorative stamps.
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HamChimpanzeeJanuary 31, 1961
SamRhesus monkeyTwo flights:1959 & 1963
History - Primates in Space
EnosChimpanzeeNovember 29, 1961Two orbits
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Neurolab 1998
First dedicated neurology research program in orbit
‘Felix’AG1
(France)1963
First cat in orbit
Spacelab 31985
First reusable animal laboratory in orbit
Biosat I1966
First bacteria in orbit
NASA/Mir1995-98
First seed-to-seed growth of plants in orbit
‘Arabella’Skylab 3
1973
First student experiment in orbit
‘Enos’Mercury 5
1961
First primate in orbit
‘Laika’Sputnik II
1957
First organism in orbit
Timeline: Key Milestones (1)
John Glenn Mercury 61961 First American in orbit
Yuri GagarinVostock I 1961First human in orbit
Biosat II1967
First seeds germinated in orbit
Bion 11973
First of 11 unmanned Russian biological research capsules
Future milestones (ISS and beyond):
• First mammal born in space
• First biology experiments beyond Earth orbit
• First multi-generational mammalian studies in space
• First self-sustaining ecosystem in space
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Neurolab 1998
First dedicated neurology research program in orbit
‘Felix’AG1
(France)1963
First cat in orbit
Spacelab 31985
First reusable animal laboratory in orbit
Biosat I1966
First bacteria in orbit
NASA/Mir1995-98
First seed-to-seed growth of plants in orbit
‘Arabella’Skylab 3
1973
First student experiment in orbit
‘Enos’Mercury 5
1961
First primate in orbit
‘Laika’Sputnik II
1957
First organism in orbit
Timeline: Key Milestones (2)
John Glenn Mercury 61961 First American in orbit
Yuri GagarinVostock I 1961First human in orbit
Biosat II1967
First seeds germinated in orbit
Bion 11973
First of 11 unmanned Russian biological research capsules
Future milestones (ISS and beyond):
• First mammal born in space
• First biology experiments beyond Earth orbit
• First multi-generational mammalian studies in space
• First self-sustaining ecosystem in space
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Some Organisms Studied in SpaceBacteriaAeromonas proteolyticaBacillus mycoidesBacillus subtilisBacillus thuringiensisBurkholderia cepaciaChaetomium globosumDeinococcus radioduransEscherichia coliNematospiroides dubiusRhodotorula rubraSalmonella typhimuriumTrichophyton terrestre
InvertebratesAcheta domesticus (Cricket)Araneus diadematus (Spider)Biomphalaria glabrata (Snail)Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode)Cynops pyrrhogaster (Newt)Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly)Habrobracon juglandis (Wasp)Manduca sexta (Tobacco hornworm)Pelomyxa carolinensis (Amoeba)Pothetria dispar (Gypsy moth)Tribolium confusum (Beetle)Trigonoscelis gigas (Beetle)
PlantsAesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse chestnut)Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress)Avena sativa (Oat)Brassica rapa (Field mustard)Capsicum annuum (Ornamental pepper)Ceratodon (Moss)Ceratopteris (Fern)Ceratophyllum demersum (Hornweed)Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchard grass)Daucus carota (Carrot)Digitalis lanata (Foxglove)Digitalis purpurea L. (Foxglove)Elodea (Waterweed)Flammulina velutipes, Agaricales (Fungus)Glycine max (Soybean)Haplopappus gracilis (Haplopappus)Helianthus annuus L. (Sunflower)Hemerocallis (Daylily)Lepidium sativum (Garden cress)Linum usitatissimum (Flax)Lycoperscion esculentum (Tomato)Neurospora crassa (Fungus)Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco)Oryza sativa (Rice)Physarum polycephalum (Slime mold)Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)Pseudotsuga taeda (Loblolly pine)Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)Tradescantia (Spiderwort)Triticum aestivum (Wheat)Triticum vulgare (Wheat)Vigna radiata (Mung bean)Zea mays (Corn)
VertebratesCanis familiaris (Dog)Felix maniculata (Cat)Homo sapiens (Human)Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey)Macaca nemestrina (Pigtail macaque monkey)Mus musculus (Mouse)Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee)Perognathus longimembris (Pocket mouse)Rattus norvegicus (Rat)Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel monkey)Testudo horsfieldi Gray (Tortoise)
BirdsCoturnix coturnix (Quail)Gallus gallus (Chicken)
Aquatic speciesArbacia punctulata (Sea urchin)Aurelia aurita (Jellyfish)Fundulus heteroclitus (Killifish)Lytechinus pictus (Sea urchin)Opsanus tau (Toadfish)Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlid fish)Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish)Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog)Rana pipiens (Frog)Strongelocentrotus pupuratus (Sea urchin)Xenopus laevis (Frog)Xenopus laevis Daudin (South African toad)Xiphophorus helleri (Swordtail fish)
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Benefits of Studying Different Organisms
Benefits to Space Exploration
• Risk mitigation
• Medical care
• Life support
Benefits to Life on Earth
• Biology
• Medicine
• Technology
• Education
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Human Studies in Space
• Bone Deterioration
• Muscle Atrophy
• Cardiovascular Deconditioning
• Immune Suppression
• Sleep Disturbances
• Balance Disorders
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Why Not Just Study Humans in Space?
Primary Reasons:
• Ethical
• Practical
• Biological
• Medical
• Logistical
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Why Grow Plants in Space?
• Basic research
• Food source
• Remove CO2
• Produce O2 & water vapor
• Psychological benefits
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Current and Future Directions
• Focus on cell and molecular biology
• Understanding of underlying mechanisms
• Use of “model” organisms
• Reference studies
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Escherichia coli (Bacteria)
Microfluidics Liquid culture likely for flight, can be grown on solid medium
Sensors pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide,temperature
Temperature Will grow between 10 - 45°C; Optimum 37°C
Salinity Tolerates low to moderate salinity
Nutrients LB for bacteria: yeast extract, bacto-peptone, sodium chloride, water
pH Growth optimum between pH 5.5 - 8.0
Doubling rate 20 minutes to several hours
Light Not required
Aeration E. coli is facultative anaerobe, i.e. does not require O2 but grows better in its
presence
Wastes Gaseous (CO2) and liquid (metabolites)
Bacteria (E. coli) 0.5-1.5µm
Growth Requirements
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Yeast (S. cer.) 5-12µm
Microfluidics Liquid culture likely for flight, can be grown on solid medium
Sensors pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide,temperature, pressure
Temperature Will grow at temperatures between 3 - 40°C; Optimum 28°C
Salinity Yeast grows within a wide range of salt concentration
Nutrients YPD : yeast extract, bacto-peptone, glucose, water
pH Growth optimum between 5.0 - 6.5
Doubling rate 1-4 hours
Light Not required
Aeration Does not require O2 for growth, but grows better in its presence
Wastes Gaseous (CO2) and liquid (metabolites)
Growth Requirements
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)
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Microfluidics Liquid culture or solid culture. Organism is ~ 1mm in length and grows in axenic defined liquid media or on solid media using bacteria as food
Sensors carbon dioxide, oxygen, temperature
Temperature 17°C optimum for growth; heat shock at 25°C; 30°C for > 20 hrs is lethal
Salinity 0.1 - 0.5 molar simple inorganic salts (NaCl, KHPO4), wide tolerance range
Nutrients Consumes dissolved nutrients in axenic liquid culture media, or on solid media consumes bacteria (E. coli).
pH Optimum pH 6.0; tolerates pH 3 - 9
Doubling rate 3-6 days to mature; temperature dependent
Light Generally not required
Aeration Chamber ventilation required for axenic liquid culture in gas-permeable opticell cartridges or for culture on solid media
Wastes Gaseous (CO2), liquid (metabolites), and debris (dead worms)
Growth Requirements
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode)
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Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly)
Microfluidics Solid medium
Sensors pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide,temperature
Temperature 22 - 30°C with heat shock at 45°C.
Nutrients YPD : yeast extract, bacto-peptone, glucose, water
pH ~ 6.5 - 5.0 optimum; range ~7.2 – 4.5
Doubling rate 1-4 hours
Light Not required
Aeration Active or passive aeration required
Wastes Gaseous (CO2) and liquid (metabolites)
Growth Requirements
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Microfluidics Water/nutrient delivery system
Sensors pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, ethylene, temperature, light
Temperature 17 - 25°C; some protocols call for 15°C during dark cycle
Humidity 65 - 100%; vegetative phase tolerant of a broad relative
humidity range but above 855 can affect flowering and seed set
Nutrients/water Consistent with soil composition; well aerated soil required
Doubling rate 4-8 week growth cycle
Light 16hr light, 8 hr dark cycle; light intensity 250 u mol
Gas Composition Typical air composition: 21% O2, 78% N, 0.05% CO2
Wastes O2, ethylene
Growth Requirements
Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassica)
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Microfluidics Liquid culture flowing above an adherent cell layer or cells growing in suspension in a liquid culture
Sensors pH, CO2 , O2 , temperature, pressure, flow rate
Temperature Tolerate only a very narrow temperature range, typically between 37°C - 42°C. Optimal temperature is 37°C ± 0.5°C
Humidity ~ 80% in incubators
Salinity A variety of commercial buffered saline solutions used; most popular are Hank’s and Earle’s
Nutrients Different cell types require different media formulations, e.g. DMEM: glucose, L- glutamine, sodium pyruvate, phenol red. Between 5-20% fetal bovine serum or horse serum is a common supplement.
pH pH range between 6.8 - 7.2
Doubling rate 12 - 48 hours
Light Not required
Aeration Air, as oxygen source, must be added to culture in a way to avoid sheer stress to which mammalian cells are very sensitive. CO2 levels must be kept at certain level; typically 5%
Wastes Gaseous (CO2) and liquid (metabolites)
Growth Requirements
Mammalian Cells
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Rodents
Habitat Rodent cage: ventilated and kept free of contaminants from urine & feces
Sensors O2 , CO2 , temperature, activity (video)
Temperature 18°C - 26°C
Humidity 30 - 70%
Food/Water Irradiated food bars (rodent chow) with long shelf-life / automatic watering
manifolds or water bottles
Population Density 6 rats or 10 mice per cage
Light 8-10 hours/day exposure during circadian cycle
Ventilation Control O2 , CO2 , particulate contaminants, animal odors
Wastes Urine, feces must be contained
Housing & Husbandry Requirements
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Ethical Use of Animals at NASA
Bioethical Principles• Respect for life• Societal benefit• Nonmalificence
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Regulations and Oversight
• IACUC and federal regulations• Scientific standards• Agency oversight• Public scrutiny
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Medical Operations of Space Flight IDr Arthur Arnold, JrKennedy Space Center
Life into Space Space Life Sciences Experiments 1991-1998Eds. K Souza, G Etheridge & P. X. Callahan
Model Organisms for Space Biology Research Dr Rita BriggsLockheed Martin
Fundamentals of Space BiologyEds M. Asashima & G.M. Malacinski (1990)Japan Scientific Societies Press & Springer-Verlag
Early History of Space Biology and MedicineJohn P. MarbargerActa Astronautica Vol. 43 No. 1-2 pp 9-12 1998
International Flight Experiments Databasehttp://www.mainsgate.com/IFE/index.html
NASA Life Sciences Data Archivehttp://www.lsda.jsc.nasa.gov
References
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