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Geography of population 3
Migrations
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Background What is migration? Why do people migrate? How can we classify migrations? What are the consequences of
migrations?
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Migration as spatial mobility
Types of mobility
- social mobility
- economic mobility
- cultural mobility Spatial mobility Migrations
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Why spatial mobility? Human need for movement Necessity to procure food and water
(physiological need) Necessity to visit other people (social
need)
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Spatial mobility and migration
How to separate two phenomena that are alike and not the same?
What precisely does migration mean?
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Who is not a migrant? People with itinerant lifestyle
- Nomads
- Hunters and gatherers
- Itinerant salesmen Activities including high mobility
- Commercial representatives
- Technicians on special mission
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Migration
... a change of residence, defined according to administrative criteria.
It is more than simply moving house
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The Roseman model
Residence Activities outside residence
Reciprocal movement Migration
Partial Total
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Motivation Nature/ecosystem (natural disasters of
all kinds) Society/economy (residential prestige,
unemployment, depletion of resources) Demography (population density,
ageing population) Force (wars, ideology, embargo)
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Ecosystem causes
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Social causes
high
medium
low
no data
Seychelles
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Economic causes
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Demographic causes
Rwanda Switzerland
Land
People
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Rwanda & Switzerland
Surface
sqkm
Population 2000 millions
Rwanda 26,338 8.508
Switzerland 41,285 7.180
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Force
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Migration theories 2 bodies of theories and models Deterministic theories: migration
operates according to (natural) laws and is predictable
Probabilistic theories: migration is the result of a decision and cannot be foreseen
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Who is right? Both! It is a question of scale. Macro: Certain ‘laws’ can be recognized on
the small scale (e.g. inside a country): large centres generally attract migrants
Micro: The specific motives for a particular migration can be detected on the large scale (within a municipality or a district): local circumstances influence a decision
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Ravenstein The laws of migration Distance-dependency (more short than long
distance migrants) Step-wise migration Rurals are more mobile than urbanites Women are more mobile than men but
cover shorter distances Migration causes counter-movement Dominance of economic reasons
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Gravitational model (Reilly)
Application of physical law on migrations
Attraction between two centres is inversely proportional to the distance
The larger a centre, the higher its attraction
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Gravitational formula
Iij =Pi x Pj
dij2K .
I = exchange between two populations (pi , pj), d = distance, K = a constant
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Gravitational model (Stouffer)
Introduction of ‘opportunities‘ and ‘intervening opportunities‘
… the number of persons migrate over a certain distance is proportional to the number of opportunities at destination and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities.
Approach to reality
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Push-pull modelPush factors resources exhausted loss of jobs discrimination lack of marriage
partners catastrophe (natural or
man-made)
Pull factors job opportunities higher income better training
opportunities living conditions marriage
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Model by Everett Lee Combination of positive, negative and
neutral factors in regions of origin and of destination
Evaluation of the individual factors by the potential migrant
Intervening obstacles A probabilistic model with emphasis
on choice
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The Lee-model
+ -- 0 +
+ +0 - +
+ -- 0 +
+ +0 - +
Origin obstacles Destination
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The migration decision Decisions are based on logical
thinking: yes – no A migration decision is linked to a
situation of dissatisfaction or to the wish for innovation
No decision is final, but the return to exactly the former situation may be impossible
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The decision-making process (simplified)
Satisfied with current residence?
Change desirable:Decision to migrate
NO
YES No migration
Same region,other residential area
Other region, same country
Other Region, other country
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Migration typologies How to classify the ‘unclassifiable‘? Dimensions to be taken into account:
- space (distance)
- time (duration)
- motive (free will, forced)
- socio-economic situation of migrants
- internal or external migration
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ExamplesRavenstein Local migration Short distance
migration Long distance
migration Step-wise migration Temporary migration
Pierre George Intercontinental
migration International migration Rural to rural migration Rural to urban
migration
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PetersenInteraction Cause Type conservative innovative
Man-Nature Ecological pressure
primitive Nomads, Shift-ing cultivators
Man-State Policy violent Deportation Slavery
Man-State Policy Forced Flight Coolis
Man-Norms Higher claims
Voluntary Migration in groups
Pioneers
Man-Norms
(collective)
Social impulses
Mass-movements
Rural settlements
Rural exodus
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Consequences of migration
DIMENSIONS
LocalizationRegion of destination
Region of origin
Domains
-Demography-Society-Culture-Politics-Economy-Environment
SCALE
Individual Group Community Society
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The mobility transition Model developed by Zelinsky in 1970 Based on the idea that different types of
migration appear at different stages of human development (transition linked to process of modernization)
Link to theories of development stages (5 stages): pre-modern, traditional, transitional, advanced, future super-advanced societies)
Different kinds of mobility
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Frontierward migration Very strong in traditional and
transitional societies Extinct in advanced societies (no more
pioneer land)
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Rural exodus Typical for industrial revolution
(transitional) and advanced society Almost vanished in late advanced and
super-advanced societies (no more rural populations)
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Urban-urban migration Important in advanced and super-
advanced societies To some extent determined by gravity
aspects On the increase with growing
urbanization of the world
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International migration Apex reached in early advanced
societies Nowadays strongly regulated New phenomenon in the super-
advanced society: global migration (politcal, economic and ecological refugees)
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Ex-urbanization or rurbanization
Migration movement missing from Zelinsky‘s model
Urban to rural migration, motivated by aspects of quality of life (pollution, population density, crime)
Urban lifestyle is transferred to rural areas
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Substitutes Modern transportation means facilitate
commuting Modern information and telecommu-
nications technology can replace commuting
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Summary Mobility and migrations have been part
of human history since the beginnings They have always changed character Migrations are a complex phenomenon
that defies simple explanation Subjective and objective motives mix There are no ‘good’ or ‘bad’ migrations
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