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Chapter 2 The History of Management
Dr. Ellen A. Drost
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Objectives
• What are the origins of management• Look at the evolution of management
– Scientific management– Bureaucratic and administrative
management– Human relations management– Operations management
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Management Ideas and Practice Throughout History
5000 BC5000 BC
4000-2000 BC4000-2000 BC
1800 BC1800 BC
600 BC600 BC
500 BC500 BC
400 BC400 BC
400 BC400 BC
175175
284284
900900
11001100
14181418
14361436
15001500
15251525
SumeriansSumerians
Egyptians Planning, organizing, controlling. Egyptians Planning, organizing, controlling.
HammurabiHammurabi
NebuchadnezzarNebuchadnezzar
Sun TzuSun Tzu
XenophonXenophon
CyrusCyrus
CatoCato
DiocletianDiocletian
AlfarabiAlfarabi
GhazaliGhazali
BarbarigoBarbarigo
VenetiansVenetians
Sir Thomas MoreSir Thomas More
MachiavelliMachiavelli
Record keepingRecord keeping
Plan, organize, control. Written requests.Plan, organize, control. Written requests.
Controls and written documentationControls and written documentation
Wage incentives, production controlWage incentives, production control
StrategyStrategy
Management as a separate artManagement as a separate art
Human relations and motion studyHuman relations and motion study
Job descriptionsJob descriptions
Delegation of authorityDelegation of authority
Listed leadership traitsListed leadership traits
Listed managerial traitsListed managerial traits
Different organizational forms/structuresDifferent organizational forms/structures
Numbering, standardization, interchangeabilityNumbering, standardization, interchangeability
Critical of poor management and leadershipCritical of poor management and leadership
Cohesiveness, power, and leadershipCohesiveness, power, and leadership
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Why We Need Managers Today
Work in familiesWork in families
Skilled laborersSkilled laborers
Small, self-organizedgroups
Small, self-organizedgroups
Unique, small batchesof production
Unique, small batchesof production
ThenThenThenThen
Work in factoriesWork in factories
Specialized,unskilled laborers
Specialized,unskilled laborers
Large factoriesLarge factories
Large standardizedmass production
Large standardizedmass production
NowNowNowNow
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The History of Scientific Management: Efficiency
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Scientific Management
Studies and tests methods to identifythe best, most efficient ways
Scientific Management
Studies and tests methods to identifythe best, most efficient ways
“Seat-of-the Pants” Management
No standardization of procedures
No follow-up on improvements
“Seat-of-the Pants” Management
No standardization of procedures
No follow-up on improvements
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Frederick W. TaylorFrederick Taylor is known today as the "father of scientific management." One of his many contributions to modern management is the common practice of giving employees rest breaks throughout the day.
Frederick W. Taylor, 1856-19152.22.2
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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
2.22.2
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were prolific researchers and often used their family as guinea pigs. Their work is the subject of Cheaper by the Dozen, written by their son and daughter.
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Motion Studies: Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
2.22.2
Time Study
Timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs.
Motion Study
Breaking each task into its separatemotions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive.
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Flow/Task Chart: Henry Gantt
2.32.3
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The History of
Bureaucratic Management
Bureaucracy
The exercise of control on the basis ofknowledge, expertise, or experience.
Max Weber, 1864-1920
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The Aim of Bureaucracy1. Qualification-based hiring1. Qualification-based hiring
2. Merit-based promotion2. Merit-based promotion
3. Chain of command3. Chain of command
4. Division of labor4. Division of labor
5. Impartial application of rules and procedures5. Impartial application of rules and procedures
6. Recorded in writing6. Recorded in writing
7. Managers separate from owners7. Managers separate from owners
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Administrative Management: Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling
Henri Fayol1. Division of work1. Division of work
2. Authority and responsibility
2. Authority and responsibility
3. Discipline3. Discipline
4. Unity of command4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction 5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination ofindividual interests
6. Subordination ofindividual interests
7. Remuneration7. Remuneration
8. Centralization8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain9. Scalar chain
10. Order10. Order
11. Equity11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
13. Initiative13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps14. Esprit de corps
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The History of
Human Relations Management
Efficiency alone is not enough to produce organizational success.
Success also depends on treating workers well.
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Hawthorne Studies: Elton Mayo
• Workers’ feelings and attitudes affected their work
• Financial incentives weren’t the most important motivator for workers
• Group norms and behavior play a critical role in behavior at work
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Operations, Information, Systems Management
Information ManagementInformation Management
Operations ManagementOperations Management Systems ManagementSystems Management
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Operations Management Tools
Quality controlQuality control
Forecasting techniquesForecasting techniques
Capacity planningCapacity planning
Productivity measurement and improvement Productivity measurement and improvement
Linear programmingLinear programming
Scheduling systemsScheduling systems
Inventory systemsInventory systems
Work measurement techniquesWork measurement techniques
Project managementProject management
Cost-benefit analysisCost-benefit analysis
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Information ManagementMilestones in information management:
1400s Horses in Italy1500-1700 Creation of paper and the printing press1850 Manual typewriter1860s Vertical file cabinets and the telegraph1879 Cash registers 1880s Telephone1890s Time clocks1980s Personal computer1990s Internet
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Systems Management
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