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CES 341Transportation Engineering and
PlanningChapter 1
Introduction
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mongkut PiantanakulchaiEmail: [email protected]
CES 341 Transportation Engineering and
Planning
Chapter1: Introduction 2
Learning Objectives
Scope and inter-relationship of transportation engineering other fields of studyThe transportation system as a functional system of the societyModes of transportationInstitutional structure Role of civil engineering in transportation
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Planning
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1.1 Transportation Engineering: Scope
Application of scientific principles•Planning
•Design
•Operation
•Management Focus to “Transportation Systems” Multi-disciplinary Physics and mathematics
background
CES 341 Transportation Engineering and
Planning
Chapter1: Introduction 4
Learning Objectives
Scope and inter-relationship of transportation engineering other fields of studyThe transportation system as a functional system of the societyModes of transportationInstitutional structure Role of civil engineering in transportation
CES 341 Transportation Engineering and
Planning
Chapter1: Introduction 5
1.2 The Transportation System
Transportation as a functional system that provides a service – the movement of goods and people from place to place
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Planning
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1.2.1 Scope and Functional Organization
The transport functional system consists of the following components•Physical facilities
•Fleets
•Operating bases and facilities
•Organizations•Facility-oriented organizations
•Operating-oriented organizations – carriers
•Operating strategies
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Planning
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1.2.2 Objectives and Constraints
Objectives/Motivations of transport investment•Military, Political
•Road network by Romans and Napoleon
•German autobahns built by Hitler in 1930s
•Intercontinental railroads in US
•Economic•Provide “Time and Place Utility” – The value of
goods depends on where and when they are there
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Planning
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1.2.2 Objectives and Constraints
Two conclusions about Transport and Economy
1. High economic activities require adequate transport infrastructure
2. Value of transport depends on the value of goods transported or activities performed by passengers at destinations – “transport as a secondary good/service”; “demand for transport is derived demand”
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Planning
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1.2.2 Objectives and Constraints
Transport constraints by public policy
Environmental impact • Evaluation of impact
• Specific rules what can or cannot be done
CES 341 Transportation Engineering and
Planning
Chapter1: Introduction 11
Scope and inter-relationship of transportation engineering other fields of studyThe transportation system as a functional system of the societyModes of transportationInstitutional structure Role of civil engineering in transportation
Learning Objectives
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Planning
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1.3 Modes of Transportation
Modes = Kinds of transportation (not so clear definition)
Modes are distinguished by•Physical characteristics – highway, rail,
air, and water transportation
•Organizational characteristics – mass transit (highway+rail)
•Other schemes – urban/rural/intercity, freight/passenger, etc.
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Planning
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Table 1.1 Mode Classification Scheme
Freight Passenger
Urban Truck (highway) Private auto (highway)Transit (highway/rail)
Intercity Truck (highway)RailOcean shippingInland waterPipelineAir
Private auto (highway)Bus (highway)RailAir
Special purpose Conveyor beltCable systems
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Planning
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Descriptions of effectiveness of transport modes
Accessibility – cost of getting to and from the mode
Mobility – speed or travel time•Line-haul speed/travel time
•Door-to-door speed/travel time Productivity – measure of the total
amount of transportation per unit of time•Total amount of transportation – product of
volume of goods or passenger carried and distance
•Examples: ton-miles/year, passenger-km/day
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Planning
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Descriptions of effectiveness of transport modes
Transportation costs•Capital costs
•Right-of-way costs
•Construction costs
•Vehicle costs
•Operating costs – day-to-day expenditures•Fuel/energy costs
•Labor costs
•Expendable parts (vehicles)
•Maintenance of facilities/ equipment
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Planning
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Transport Markets
Passenger•Urban
• Intercity•Short (<160 km)
•Medium (160-800 km)
•Long (>800 km)
Freight•Bulk freight (low value per unit weight or
volume)
•General cargo (manufactured goods)
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Planning
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Highways
Dominant transport mode in most countries
High accessibility Low door-to-door
travel time Moderate line-haul
speeds Moderate capital cost High operating cost
High environmental impact (air pollution)
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Planning
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Urban Transit Buses Street cars Light Rail Transit
(LRT) Rail Rapid Transit Paratransit
• Jitneys (shared taxi)
• Dial-a-ride
Characteristics• Mostly serve passengers
• Urban Transit Markets•Choice riders
•Captive riders
• Speed•Same as automobiles if
road space is shared
•High if dedicated right-of-way (LRT, rail) with stations are far apart
• Accessibility– depends on spacing of stations
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Planning
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Urban Transit
Characteristics•Capacity: high
•Capital costs: high
•Operating costs: moderate; operating cost/trip is normally higher than fare (need subsidization)
•Environmental impact: Lower than auto
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Planning
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Air Transport Air transport system
•Commercial airlines•Airfreight carriers•General aviation (private aircraft)
Market: for long distance travel (inter-city, international)
Speed –high line-haul speed Accessibility –limited but not significant Capacity –moderate Productivity –high due to long distance
and high speed
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Planning
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Air Transport
Capital cost – high Operating cost –high But high productivity made
moderate cost/trip (fare) Environmental impact – noise
impact
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Planning
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Rail
Intercity rail –Amtrak system in US Market – intercity passengers &
freight (mostly bulk cargo), with moderate trip length
Speed and Accessibility –moderate•Long door-to-door travel time if mode
transfers are needed (loading/unloading)
•New system to save time: Unit trains, piggy back (truck trailer on flat cars)
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Planning
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Rail
Capital cost –high Operating cost – operating cost/ton-
mile is low (fuel efficient) but normally high other administrative costs
Environmental impact –low
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Planning
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Water
Water transport systems•Ocean and coastal
•Inland waterways Market: mainly for intercity and
international freight Speed and accessibility –low Capacity –very high
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Planning
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Water
Capital cost –high Operating cost – operating cost/
ton-mile is very low Environmental impact –relatively
low, oil spills from tankers
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Planning
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Pipelines
Market – crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas
Speed –low Capacity –high Capital cost –pipeline, pumping stations Operating cost – very low (pumping costs) Environmental impact –low during
operation but care should be taken to construction impact
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Planning
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Learning Objectives
Scope and inter-relationship of transportation engineering other fields of studyThe transportation system as a functional system of the societyModes of transportationInstitutional structure Role of civil engineering in transportation
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Planning
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Other modes: Large scale pneumatic tube systems
Source: http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/ 94fall /p94au21.htm
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Planning
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1.4 Institutional Structure In the United States
• Federal agencies – Under USDOT•FHWA•FRA•FTA•FAA
• State governments•State highway departments•State departments of transportation
• Local governments (city, county)• Metropolitan regions
•MPOs•COGs
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Planning
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Source of funding
User charges – fares, tolls General fund revenue – regular
taxes Private investment Cross-subsidization –Ex. gasoline
tax revenue or tolls to subsidize public transit
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Planning
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1.5 Civil Engineering Involvement in Transportation
Physical civil engineering System engineering
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Planning
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Planning
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1.6 Careers in Transportation Engineering: What makes it attractive?
Interact with public and other profession Contribute to the need of society Contribute to the protection and
enhancement of the environment Involve in the application of advanced
technology – Ex. Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
Work outdoors Own a business or work in management
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