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2004.6.8.
This ClassChapter 9
Next ClassWrap up this semesterDemo/discuss programming assignmentsReview what we have learnedQuestionnaire/FeedbackFinal exam tips
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Applications
DNS SMTP, MIME, IMAP HTTP SNMP RTP SDP, SIP, H.323
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DNS: Domain Name System
People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport #
Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used
for addressing datagrams
“name”, e.g., gaia.cs.umass.edu - used by humans
Q: map between IP addresses and name ?
Domain Name System: distributed database
implemented in hierarchy of many name servers
application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) note: core Internet
function, implemented as application-layer protocol
complexity at network’s “edge”
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DNS name servers
no server has all name-to-IP address mappings
local name servers: each ISP, company has
local (default) name server host DNS query first goes
to local name server
authoritative name server: for a host: stores that
host’s IP address, name can perform name/address
translation for that host’s name
Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized
database maintenance
doesn’t scale!
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DNS: Root name servers
contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server:
contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known
gets mapping returns mapping to local name server
b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CAl ICANN Marina del Rey, CA
e NASA Mt View, CAf Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA
i NORDUnet Stockholm
k RIPE London
m WIDE Tokyo
a NSI Herndon, VAc PSInet Herndon, VAd U Maryland College Park, MDg DISA Vienna, VAh ARL Aberdeen, MDj NSI (TBD) Herndon, VA
13 root name servers worldwide
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Simple DNS example
host surf.eurecom.fr wants IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu
1. contacts its local DNS server, dns.eurecom.fr
2. dns.eurecom.fr contacts root name server, if necessary
3. root name server contacts authoritative name server, dns.umass.edu, if necessary requesting host
surf.eurecom.frgaia.cs.umass.edu
root name server
authorititive name serverdns.umass.edu
local name serverdns.eurecom.fr
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DNS example
Root name server: may not know
authoritative name server
may know intermediate name server: who to contact to find authoritative name server
requesting hostsurf.eurecom.fr
gaia.cs.umass.edu
root name server
local name serverdns.eurecom.fr
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authoritative name serverdns.cs.umass.edu
intermediate name serverdns.umass.edu
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DNS: iterated queries
recursive query: puts burden of
name resolution on contacted name server
heavy load?
iterated query: contacted server
replies with name of server to contact
“I don’t know this name, but ask this server”
requesting hostsurf.eurecom.fr
gaia.cs.umass.edu
root name server
local name serverdns.eurecom.fr
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authoritative name serverdns.cs.umass.edu
intermediate name serverdns.umass.edu
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iterated query
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DNS: caching and updating records
once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear)
after some time update/notify mechanisms under
design by IETF RFC 2136 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-
charter.html
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DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)
Type=NS name is domain (e.g.
foo.com) value is IP address of
authoritative name server for this domain
RR format: (name, value, type,ttl)
Type=A name is hostname value is IP address
Type=CNAME name is alias name for some
“canonical” (the real) name www.ibm.com is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com value is canonical name
Type=MX value is name of mailserver
associated with name
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DNS protocol, messages
DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format
msg header identification: 16 bit #
for query, reply to query uses same #
flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative
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DNS protocol, messages
Name, type fields for a query
RRs in responseto query
records forauthoritative servers
additional “helpful”info that may be used
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Questions on DNS
Refer to root name server every time you type in an address out of your domain?
TCP or UDP?
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Points of Distinction
Application protocols vs programs Applicaton protocols vs data format SMTP vs ?? HTTP vs ?? SNMP vs ??
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SMTP
HELO cs.princeton.edu250 Hello [email protected] [128.12.169.24]
MAIL FROM:<[email protected]>250 OK
RCPT TO:<[email protected]>250 OK
RCPT TO:<[email protected]>550 No such user here
DATA354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF> .xxxxxxxxx <CRLF>.<CRLF>250 OK
QUICK221 Closing connection
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HTTP
OperationsOPTIONS, GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE, CONNECT
Response Messages1xx - Informational2xx - Success3xx - Redirection4xx - Client error5xx - Server error
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SNMP (I)
Managing entity
Manageddevice
Manageddevice
data
data data
Simple Network Management Protocol
Agent Agent
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SNMP (2)
Evolution of SNMPv1 - Get, GetNext, Setv2 - Get, GetNext, GetBulk, Set, Inform v3 - security and administration capabilitiesLimitations: overhead per MIB, unreliable transfer, CPU overload
Data = MIB (Management Information Base) In Structure of Management Information language
Defines counters at managed device
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RTP
Functionalities common to multimedia applications? interoperate between 2 end hostsdetermine timing relationship in data recover synchronization indicate packet loss indicate frame boundary include user-friendly sender identityefficient use of bandwidth
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Real-time Transport Control Protocol
Main functionsFeedback on application's performanceCorrelate and synchronize different media streams
Convey sender identity for display
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Session/Call Control - SIP
cisco.com proxy
princeton.eduproxy
mypc.cisco.com yourpc.princeton.edu
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H.323
ITU recommendation Popular protocol for Internet telephony H.323 terminals talk to each other Or use a H.323 gateway to connect to
PSTN
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Acknowledgments
Some slides are from: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, July 2002. All material copyright 1996-2002
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
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