April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 1April 11, 2023Slide 1
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
ME 323 : I.C EnginesME 323 : I.C Engines
Combustion in I.C EnginesCombustion in I.C Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 2April 11, 2023Slide 2
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 3April 11, 2023Slide 3
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion
Conditions for combustion
Ignition Limits
Combustion Equations
Stoichiometric Combustion
Air requirement
Composition of air
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 4April 11, 2023Slide 4
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Air-fuel ratio
Fuel-air ratio
Relative air-fuel ratio
Equivalence ratio
Pre-mixed and Diffusion combustion
Swirl/Squish/Turbulence
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 5April 11, 2023Slide 5
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 6April 11, 2023Slide 6
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
For all calculation : O2 = 21% ; N2 = 79% and ratio of N2/O2 is 3.76
Average molecular mass of air is 28.967 or 29 kg/kmol.
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 7April 11, 2023Slide 7
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 8April 11, 2023Slide 8
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Swirl :
The orderly motion of the air particularly almost parallel to the axis of the engine.
Very much required for diesel engines.
Squish/Squash :
The radial inward motion of the air-fuel mixture towards (squish) and away from the axis of the engine (squash).
Very much required for the gasoline engines.
Turbulence :
Random mixing of the burned and unburned gases
very much required for both Otto and Diesel engines.
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 9April 11, 2023Slide 9
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 10April 11, 2023Slide 10
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 11April 11, 2023Slide 11
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Normal Combustion Normal Combustion in SI Enginesin SI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 12April 11, 2023Slide 12
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 13April 11, 2023Slide 13
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 14April 11, 2023Slide 14
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion in SI engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 15April 11, 2023Slide 15
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 16April 11, 2023Slide 16
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Flames detected between
Type of cycle
- 450 and TDC early burn cycle
TDC and 45° Fast burning cycles
450 and 900 slow burn cycles
90° and BDC Late burn cycles
BDC and TDC delayed burn cycles
Flames not detected misfires and partial burn cycles
Good combustion is almost entirely made up of fast burn cycles. poor combustion consists of a high proportion of late and delayed burn cycles.
COMBUSTION QUALITY
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 17April 11, 2023Slide 17
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON IGNITION LAG
1. Fuel
2. Mixture ratio:
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 18April 11, 2023Slide 18
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
3. Initial temperature and pressure
4. Electrode gap :
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 19April 11, 2023Slide 19
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
5. Turbulence:
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 20April 11, 2023Slide 20
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON FLAME PROPAGATION
1. Fuel-air ratio :
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 21April 11, 2023Slide 21
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Rate of Burning
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 22April 11, 2023Slide 22
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 23April 11, 2023Slide 23
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
2. Compression Ratio
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 24April 11, 2023Slide 24
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
3. Intake temperature and pressure
4. Engine load
5. Turbulence
6. Engine Speed
7. Engine size
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 25April 11, 2023Slide 25
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 26April 11, 2023Slide 26
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion Chambers Combustion Chambers for for
Four Stroke SI EnginesFour Stroke SI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 27April 11, 2023Slide 27
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Early Ricardo turbulent combustion chamber (1968)
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 28April 11, 2023Slide 28
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Old type Combustion Chambers for SI engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 29April 11, 2023Slide 29
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 30April 11, 2023Slide 30
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 31April 11, 2023Slide 31
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 32April 11, 2023Slide 32
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 33April 11, 2023Slide 33
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 34April 11, 2023Slide 34
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion Chambers Combustion Chambers for for
Two Stroke SI EnginesTwo Stroke SI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 35April 11, 2023Slide 35
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 36April 11, 2023Slide 36
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 37April 11, 2023Slide 37
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Abnormal Combustion Abnormal Combustion in SI Enginesin SI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 38April 11, 2023Slide 38
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 39April 11, 2023Slide 39
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 40April 11, 2023Slide 40
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
p-t diagram of a normal cycle
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 41April 11, 2023Slide 41
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
p-t diagram of a knocking cycle
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 42April 11, 2023Slide 42
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Knock Limited Compression Ratio
Knock Limited Inlet Pressure
Knock Limited Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
Performance number is defined as the ratio of Klimep with the fuel in question to Klimep with isooctane when the inlet pressure is kept constant.
Relative performance number, rpn :
Actual Performance number rpn
Performance number corresponding to the imep of 100
Knock Limited Parameters
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 43April 11, 2023Slide 43
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Density factors
Time factors
Composition factors
EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON KNOCK
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 44April 11, 2023Slide 44
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Compression Ratio
Mass of Inducted Charge
Inlet Temperature of the Mixture
Temperature of the Combustion Chamber Walls
Retarding the Spark Timing
Power Output of the Engine
Density Factors:
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 45April 11, 2023Slide 45
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Turbulence
Engine Speed
Flame Travel Distance
Engine Size
Combustion Chamber Shape
Location of Spark Plug
Time Factors:
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 46April 11, 2023Slide 46
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Fuel-Air Ratio:
Octane Value of the Fuel:
Composition Factors:
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 47April 11, 2023Slide 47
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 48April 11, 2023Slide 48
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
KNOCK RATING OF SI FUELS
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 49April 11, 2023Slide 49
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Normal Combustion Normal Combustion in CI Enginesin CI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 50April 11, 2023Slide 50
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 51April 11, 2023Slide 51
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Schematic representation of a fuel jet
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 52April 11, 2023Slide 52
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Disintegration of a fuel jet
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 53April 11, 2023Slide 53
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 54April 11, 2023Slide 54
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 55April 11, 2023Slide 55
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of fuel-air ratio on power output of CI engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 56April 11, 2023Slide 56
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Stages of combustion in CI engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 57April 11, 2023Slide 57
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
P-t diagram showing delay period
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 58April 11, 2023Slide 58
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Steps of combustion process in CI engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 59April 11, 2023Slide 59
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion Rate (CI)
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 60April 11, 2023Slide 60
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of varying the amount of fuel
injected on P-θ diagram
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 61April 11, 2023Slide 61
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Compression ratio Engine speed Power output Atomization of fuel and duration of
injection Injection timing Quality of the fuel Intake temperature Intake pressure
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DELAY PERIOD
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 62April 11, 2023Slide 62
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of compression ratio on maximum air temperature and minimum autoignition temperature
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 63April 11, 2023Slide 63
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of speed on ignition delay in a diesel engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 64April 11, 2023Slide 64
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of injection timing on indicator diagram
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 65April 11, 2023Slide 65
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Effect of engine variables on ignition delay
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 66April 11, 2023Slide 66
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Abnormal Combustion in CI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 67April 11, 2023Slide 67
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 68April 11, 2023Slide 68
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 69April 11, 2023Slide 69
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 70April 11, 2023Slide 70
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 71April 11, 2023Slide 71
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 72April 11, 2023Slide 72
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion Chambers for Four Stroke CI Engines
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 73April 11, 2023Slide 73
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
CI Engine Combustion chambers
• Open chamber or DI engine
• Divided chamber or IDI engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 74April 11, 2023Slide 74
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 75April 11, 2023Slide 75
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 76April 11, 2023Slide 76
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Phases of Combustion in Toroidal open combustion
chamber
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 77April 11, 2023Slide 77
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
M-Combustion chamber
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 78April 11, 2023Slide 78
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
IDI Combustion chambers
Swirl generation: Induction induced swirl
Compression induced swirl
Combustion induced swirl
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 79April 11, 2023Slide 79
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 80April 11, 2023Slide 80
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Combustion in Ricardo swirl Chamber - Comet
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 81April 11, 2023Slide 81
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Swirl chambers
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 82April 11, 2023Slide 82
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 83April 11, 2023Slide 83
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Pre-combustion chambers
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 84April 11, 2023Slide 84
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Mercedes Benz Pre-combustion System
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 85April 11, 2023Slide 85
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 86April 11, 2023Slide 86
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Advantages of DI engines
Fuels of poorer ignition quality can be used.
Single-hole injection nozzles and moderate injection pressures can be used and can tolerate greater degrees of nozzle fouling.
Higher fuel-air ratios can be used without smoke.
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 87April 11, 2023Slide 87
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Disadvantages of IDI Engines
More expensive cylinder construction.
More difficult cold starting because of greater heat loss through the throat.
Poorer fuel economy due to greater heat losses and pressure losses through the throat, which result in lower thermal efficiency and higher pumping loss.
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 88April 11, 2023Slide 88
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
Knock Rating of CI Engine Fuel
• Cetane number
• Variable compression ratio engine
• CFR Engine
April 11, 2023 I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 89April 11, 2023Slide 89
Dr. J. M. MallikarjunaInternal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036
THE END
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