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Workshop #4
Stennis Space Center
January 7,2006
Introduction to Pneumatics
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Overview
Methods of Power Transmission
Pneumatics Systems
Pneumatics Principles
PartsPneumatic Actuators
Force Principles
Solenoid Valves
Advantages
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Methods of Power TransmissionMethods of Power Transmission
Electrical Motors
Mechanical power transmission elements
Fluid Power
HydraulicsOil, Water, other liquids
PneumaticsAir, other gases
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Electric Motors Motors convert electricalenergy to mechanical
Electric motors used inFirst kit
Chipahua/CIM Motor
Window MotorVan Door Motor
Fisher-Price/Mabuchi
Motor
Globe Motor
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Mechanical Power transmission elements
Gears
Belts
Chains
BearingsCouplings
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Mechanical Power transmission using gears
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Pneumatics SystemsPneumatics Systems
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Pneumatics DefinitionsPneumatics Definitions
Pneumatics is the general term used to describe the
mechanics of gases
Pneumatics, derived from the Greek wordpneumatikos,
meaning coming from the wind
It is the branch of science which treats the mechanical
properties of air and other elastic fluids used to do work
http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Greek_languagehttp://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Greek_language7/30/2019 02 Introduction to Pneumatics 1
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Pneumatic Principles
compressor
reservoir tank
solenoid valve
cylinder
hose
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PneumaticsPneumatics
Compressor
Accumulators
Actuators
Source of Air Flow Driven by electric motor
Provides the energy to perform the work
Reservoir tank - Energy Storage Devices
Cylinders convert energy in the compressed air
pressure to linear power. Make things move
Linear
Rotary
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PneumaticsPneumatics
Connectors
tubing
Pressure
regulators
Valves2-way
3-way
4-way
Plumbing- connectors -flexible tube
Pressure control -controls the force of
the actuator
Control direction of flow
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Compressor Thomas industries
12 volt system
Generates
pressure of 120 psi
Compact
Vibration isolators
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Relief Valveon Compressor
Protects compressor
Pressure SwitchSignals the controller
to start or stop the
compressor
Additional Compressor Components
Pressure In
NC NO
Common
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Accumulators
Pneumatic tank
Up to twoStore compressed air at 120 psi
Helps keep the pressure constant
Smooth out the pressure fluctuation
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Cylinders
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Rotary Actuator
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Fittings and Plugs
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Flow Controls
Regulate flow of air into and out
of a cylinder
Used to control speed of apneumatic cylinder
If used, attach directly to
cylinder (only one end needed)
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Exhaust Valve
Use to release
pressure
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FittingsFittingsConnection and DisconnectionConnection and Disconnection
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RegulatorsRegulators
Regulators Control Pressure
Relieving type in the FIRST kit 2 are included
The use of Regulators assuresmaximum efficiency
Allows air from reservoirs toflow to rest of pneumaticsystem
Limits pressure in valves,
cylinders to60 psi
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Solenoid Electric Valves
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Pneumatic ActuatorsPneumatic Actuators applies force or creates
motion through the use of a pneumatic system
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Pneumatic ActuatorsUse Pressurized Air to achieve motion
Provide power and speed to any actuation
system.
Variety of Actuation mechanisms available
Arms
Grippers
Shifters
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Arms
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Grippers
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Shifters
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ActuatorsActuatorsConstruction & OperationConstruction & Operation
Basic Construction
Operation
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Compressed Air
is routed by the valve to extend orretract the cylinder
ActuatorsActuators
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ActuatorsActuators
Most Common types of Linear ActuatorsDouble Acting Single Ended Double Ended
Single Acting
Spring Return
All containCylinder Barrel Piston RodSealsSpring if used
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Facts about PneumaticsFacts about Pneumatics
Pressure Units of measure
Lbs per in2 or Force per unit area
Absolute Pressure 14.7 psia at sea level
Gauge Pressure measured relative to ambient
Flow
cfm cubic foot (feet) per minute Volume per unit time
Scfm Standard cubic foot (feet) per minute
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Force Principles
Gauge Pressure works against
each square inch of pistonsurface
The greater the square inch surface of the fluid, the
less internal pressure will be developed.
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ActuatorsActuatorsDifferential AreasDifferential Areas
Force
Consideration Consider the effective areaon which the pressure acts On single ended cylinders
there is a differential Dont forget friction
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Cylinders
Force = Pressure Area
2 diameter piston
Area = 3.14 12 = 3.14 in2
Pressure = 60 psi
3.14 in2 60 psi = 188 lbs
Force while extending
greater than while retracting
Main decisions: Length and diameter
Diameter based on required force
Larger diameter: more force, but more air
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Cylinder maximum force
Dia Cylinder
- 10 Throw 26 lb max force
1-1/2 Dia Cylinder
-24 Throw 106 lb max force
2 Dia Cylinder-24 Throw 188 lb max force
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Cylinder Forces
Force Applied = Pressure *
Cross Sectional Area
Pressure applied on a flat plate,
causes a force!
The bigger the plate, or the higher
the pressure, the greater the force.
Less force in than out.
This is due to a reduced crosssection (caused by the rod being in
the way!)
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1.5 Bore Cylinder
Retracted Length = 4.38 + Stroke + .25 + 1.31 = 5.94 + Stroke
Base Dimension = 4.38 + Stroke Length = ? +
Locking Nut = .25 +
Clevis Dimension = 1.31
Extended Length = 5.94 + (2 x Stroke Length)
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Single Solenoid Valve
When energized, cylinder
goes to one state
When de-energized, cylinderalways returns to rest state
When power is cut at the end
of the match, cylinder willreturn to rest state
Each valve powered by one
relay module (only in
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Double Solenoid Valves
One solenoid pulsed to move cylinder one way,
other solenoid pulsed to move cylinder the other
wayResults unpredictable if both pulsed
Valve will stay in either state when neither
solenoid energizedCan use one relay for each solenoid or one
relay and two diodes
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4-way Valves in your kit4-way Valves in your kit
Double Solenoid (detented)
SMC
Single Solenoid (spring offset)SMC
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4-way Valves in your kit4-way Valves in your kit
Single Solenoid (spring offset)Festo
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4-way Valves in your kit4-way Valves in your kit
Single SolenoidPoppet (Spring Offset)
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4-way 5-port Valves4-way 5-port ValvesDirectional ControlDirectional Control
Passage A Passage B
Spool
Valve Body
Pressure
Passage
Exhaust
Passage
SolenoidSpring
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Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe Advantages
Complete kit:
All the parts required to
build an operating systemWeight:
equal or lighter than
comparable alternatives
Adjustable Force:
Different bore cylinders
change the available
forceand
By adjusting the applied
pressure you can
instantly adjust the
force
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Durableno burned up motors
stall with no damage
Strongfrom 9 lbs to 180 lbs easily adjustable
Custom cylindersin just a few days by
UPS
Last minute additionsadd a valve or a cylinder
quickly
Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe Advantages
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Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe Advantages
Multiple cylinders use
same compressor
Strong
from 9 lbs to 180 lbs
easily adjustable
Custom cylinders
in just a few days by UPS
Last minute additionsadd a valve or a cylinder
quickly
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Why do we design with pneumatics?Simple Pneumatic Cylindersare force vectors.
Each cylinder represents aforce, which will be applied over
a certain distance.Most pneumatic design involvesarms or linkages of some type.
Know principles of leverage andtorque!
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SafetySafety
always be considered
Relieve the pressure before working on the system
Be aware of pinch pointsAvoid side-loading increases friction and wear
Avoid getting grit or metal shavings on the rod or in
the cylinderUse flow controls for safety
Compressed Air is like a coiled spring
Safety MUST
I t ti Li k
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Interesting LinksFluid Power Educational
Foundation
www.fpef.org
Nason Corporationwww.nasonptc.com
Bosch Rexrothwww.bosch-
rexroth.comwww.boschrexroth.com
Bimba Manufacturingwww.bimba.com
Lord Corpwww.lordmpd.com
Fluid Power Dist. Assnwww.fpda.org
Clippard Instrument Lab.
www.clippard.com Monnier, Inc.www.monnier.com Fluid Power Societywww.ifps.org
Wikawww.ewika.com/WikaSite/GlobalSites.aspx
Norgrenwww.norgren.com
Natl Fluid Power Assnwww.nfpa.com
Festowww.festo.com
Parkerwww.parker.com
SMC Pneumaticswww.smcusa.com
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Q/A
Any Questions?
About this lecture?
About Pneumatics?About Design?
About FIRST?About the Game?
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