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History of Developmental Biology
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Embryology vs. Developmental Biology
Developmental Biology: Includes the
study of post-embryonic changessuch as growth/maturation,
metamorphosis, regeneration, aging.
Embryology: Descriptive study of
embryonic development includes allmulticellular organisms (plants,
animals, fungi).
Developmental Biologyis descriptive but also
incisive: what are the
mechanisms?
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5th century BC :
Aristotle favored epigenesis
17th century:
Marcello MalpighiChick embryology description(s) should
have confirmed Aristotles ideas
Preformation regained popularity
History: Epigenesis vs. Preformation
Preformation: Everything in the embryo is pre-formed and simply
grows during development.
Epigenesis: New structures arise progressively during development.
A preformed embryo(homunculus) within
sperm (1694)
Malpighis drawings ofchick embryos (1673)
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19th century:More descriptive embryology
Evolution: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Cell Theory
Genetics + Development
Germ cells vs. somatic cells (Weissmann)
History: Cell Biology and Genetics
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Genes Proteins Cell Activities Developmental Processes
History: Cell Biology and Genetics
19th century:More descriptive embryology
Evolution: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Cell Theory
Genetics + Development
Germ cells vs. somatic cells (Weissmann)
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19th century:More descriptive embryology
Evolution: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Cell Theory
Genetics + Development
Germ cells vs. somatic cells (Weissmann)
History: Cell Biology and Genetics
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History: Nuclear Determination vs. Regulation
The mosaic model (Weismann): nuclear determinants are asymmetrically
distributed in zygote these determine fate of embryonic cells.
The regulation hypothesis suggests that embryonic development can adjust
to the loss of cells.
Rouxs experiment (1880s) on
frog embryos supported the
mosaic model
Drieschs experiment (1880s) on
sea urchin embryos supported
the regulation hypothesis
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20th century:
Johannsen genotype = phenotype(gene X environment interaction)
Mangold and Spemann - Induction: One cell (or tissue)influences the development of another cell (or tissue).
History: Genotype vs. Phenotype, Induction
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish,Drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
MOUSE (Mus musculus)
Advantages: Genetic manipulation, history of use, mammal, fast generation time.
Disadvantages:In utero development, costly.
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
CHICK (Gallus domesticus)
Advantages:In ovo development, history of use, amniote.
Disadvantages: Genetic manipulation not (yet?) possible; large ns difficult.
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
AFRICAN CLAWED FROG
(Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis)
Advantages:In ovo (rapid) development, large embryos, history of use, inexpensive.
Disadvantages:X. laevis is tetraploid.
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio)
Advantages:In ovo (rapid) development, genetic manipulation, history of use, inexpensive.
Disadvantages: ???? (o.k., so Im biased)
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
FRUIT FLY (Drosophila melanogaster)
Advantages:In ovo (rapid) development, genetic manipulation, history of use, inexpensive.
Disadvantages: Invertebrate
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
ROUNDWORM (caenorhabditis elegans)
Advantages:In ovo development, genetic manipulation, history of use, inexpensive.
Disadvantages: Invertebrate
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Throughout history, and today :
Model organisms
Mouse, chick,Xenopus, zebrafish, drosophila, c. elegans, arabidopsis
Model Organisms
MOUSE-EAR CRESS (arabidopsis thaliana)
Advantages: Rapid generation time, genetic manipulation, history of use, inexpensive.
Disadvantages: As a plant model, not many.
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Modern Developmental Biology
Developmental genetics
Diseases and disorders of development/teratology
Tissue repair and replacement/stem cells
Aging and cancer
Agriculture and food science
Evolutionary biology
Applications
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An introduction to the Developmental Biology literature
Journals (original research articles = primary literature):
Developmental BiologyDevelopmental Dynamics
Developmental NeurobiologyBMCDevelopmental Biology
Development,Genes and Evolution
Differentiation
Genes and DevelopmentInternational Journal of Developmental Biology
Development
DevelopmentalCell
Mechanisms of Development
Science
NatureProceedings of the National Academy of Science
Cell
Neuron
Search via PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
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Most research articles involve the use of model organisms to probe the function of
genes/proteins for a specific developmental process.
Retinal Homeobox 1 is Required for Retinal Neurogenesis
and Photoreceptor Differentiation inEmbryonic Zebrafish
Most make use of gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) approaches, using
genetic, molecular, or pharmacological tools to manipulate the target gene/protein.
LOF approach = antisense (morpholino) oligonucleotides targetingrx1 and rx2
Others will utilize cell/tissue transplantation techniques to probe developmental
potential of those cells/tissues
An introduction to the Developmental Biology literature
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Most of the data are collected as images showing histology of the developing structure
of interest, and/or gene expression (in situ hybridization to localize mRNA, orimmunocytochemistry to localize corresponding protein) within that structure.
There is a LOTof jargon.
An introduction to the Developmental Biology literature
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