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Fundamental ofFundamental of UPSUPSTraining Center Gong Jian Bo
UPSUPS TrainingTraining
. -
Email: [email protected]
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ContentContentContentContent UPS Overview
UPS Principle UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
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UPSUPS OverviewOverviewUPSUPS OverviewOverview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
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A device that can uninterruptible provide AC power touser.
Whats UPSWhats UPSWhats UPSWhats UPS
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
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load
battery
AC mains
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UPS historyUPS historyUPS historyUPS history
UPS develop through two periods:Rotary UPS and Static UPS.
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Rotary UPSRotary UPSRotary UPSRotary UPS
DC motor;
dieselengine;fl wheel
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generator;rectifier andbattery.
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UPSUPS historyhistoryUPSUPS historyhistory
2Static UPS is consisted ofsemiconductor power devices.
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UPSUPS OverviewOverviewUPSUPS OverviewOverview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
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Why need UPSWhy need UPSPower ProblemPower ProblemWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPower ProblemPower Problem
Surge spike sagtransient over voltage
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noise blackoutlow voltageFrequency drift
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Why need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPowerproblem
Cause phenomenon
surges Huge equipment turn off
or lighting strike
Higher than 110%
rated Valuelastmany cycle.
spikes Lighting, electric switchon/off, electric welding
6000V last time is 10100ms
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Transientover voltage
Like spike 20000Vlast time0.1ms
sag Huge equipment turn on,
AC mains change
smaller than 80-85%
rated valuelastmany cycle.
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Why need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPowerproblem
Cause phenomenon
noise High frequency
interference.
Wireless and
microwave equipment
Frequencydrift
hydropowergenerator Frequency changeover 3HZ.
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low voltage Huge equipment start,overload
Smaller than ratedvalue and last longtime.
blackout AC cut offcircuitbreaker trip.
Zero voltage last over2 cycles.
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Above AC power problems will
damage equipment,
lose data
Why need UPS?Why need UPS?Why need UPS?Why need UPS?
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and interrupt operations.
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UPSUPS OverviewOverviewUPSUPS OverviewOverview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
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1. High reliable and
uninterruptible power
UPSUPS FunctionFunctionUPSUPS FunctionFunction
Keep power continuous
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3. Battery management
4. Monitoring
Prolong battery life
Help UPS maintenance
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UPSUPS OverviewOverviewUPSUPS OverviewOverview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
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UPSUPS ClassificationClassificationUPSUPS ClassificationClassificationBy principle
back-up UPS
line-interactive UPSon-line UPS
By power mode:
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three phase input/single phase output UPSthree phase input/ three phase output UPS
By output power
small power30 kVA
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By transformerhigh frequency UPS
industrial frequency UPS
B waveform
UPS ClassificationUPS ClassificationcontinuedcontinuedUPS ClassificationUPS Classificationcontinuedcontinued
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square wave UPSsine wave UPS
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ContentContentContentContent UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
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When AC power normal, load power comes directly
from the AC mains, when AC power fails, a battery
powered inverter almost immediately turns on to
continue to supply power.
BackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS PrincipleBackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS Principle
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charger inverter
AC mains
load
battery
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LineLine--interactive UPS principleinteractive UPS principleLineLine--interactive UPS principleinteractive UPS principle
BackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS Principle
AC mains
doubleconverter
load264-276V
150-175V150-264V
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battery
AC normal/rectifyAC fail/invert
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OnOn--Line UPSLine UPS PrinciplePrincipleOnOn--Line UPSLine UPS PrinciplePrincipleWhether AC mains is normal or not, inverter isalways operating.
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UPSUPS ComparingComparingUPSUPS ComparingComparingBack-up Line-interactive On-line
Inverter
state
Back up Hot back up operating
Outputquality
Low Middle High
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Transferring time
512ms 4ms 0
Cost Low Middle High
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ContentContentContentContent
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
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UPSUPS Key TechnologyKey TechnologyUPSUPS Key TechnologyKey Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
R n n
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Battery Management
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Double ConverDouble ConversionsionDouble ConverDouble Conversionsion
ACDC Rectify
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DCAC Invert
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33--Phase SCR Bridge RectifierPhase SCR Bridge Rectifier33--Phase SCR Bridge RectifierPhase SCR Bridge Rectifier
1 3 5
+
A
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4 6 2
_
C
6 pulse
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1212--Pulse RectifierPulse Rectifier1212--Pulse RectifierPulse Rectifier
Load Battery and
Inverter
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Phase shift TransformerPhase shift TransformerPhase shift TransformerPhase shift Transformer
Two 6Two 6Two 6Two 6----PulsePulsePulsePulse
RectifiersRectifiersRectifiersRectifiers
30
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Boost CircuitBoost CircuitPFC CircuitPFC CircuitBoost CircuitBoost CircuitPFC CircuitPFC Circuit
L
L
TC
D 1
V O
- -
-
V i
-
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CV i V O
- -
-
L
CV i V O
- -
-
L
i L -
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33--Phase IGBT RectifierPhase IGBT Rectifier33--Phase IGBT RectifierPhase IGBT Rectifier
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ComparingComparingComparingComparing
Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%
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Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current
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Single Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert Circuit
+380V
L
+
Q1C1
D1
L
+380
-380
U
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-380V
220V
N
-
N
Q2C2 D2
C3
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Inverter Control SignalInverter Control Signal
SPWMSPWMInverter Control SignalInverter Control Signal
SPWMSPWM
SPWM signal generation
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33--Phase Bridge InverterPhase Bridge Inverter33--Phase Bridge InverterPhase Bridge Inverter
S
R
+
R
R
S
S T
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N
TT
_
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33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPSPhase SCR Rectifier UPS33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPSPhase SCR Rectifier UPS
bypass
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main output
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33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPSPhase IGBT Rectifier UPS33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPSPhase IGBT Rectifier UPS
bypass
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main
output
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UPSUPS Key TechnologyKey TechnologyUPSUPS Key TechnologyKey Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
R n n
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Battery Management
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Digital ControlDigital ControlDigital ControlDigital Control
Digital signal ProcessorDSP
Microprocessor
Provide all kinds of driving signal to
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, .
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DSPDSPDSPDSPSpeed: 10-20 times that of micro-processor
improve integrated degree
Directly give PWM signal
Avoid device parameter shifting, ensure productaccordance.
No need any hardware adjusting .
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First generationdeviceIC
Third generationThird generationThird generationThird generationDSPDSPDSPDSP
Second generationmicro-processor
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UPSUPS Key TechnologyKey TechnologyUPSUPS Key TechnologyKey Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
R n n
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Battery Management
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Series Connection standbySeries Connection standbySeries Connection standbySeries Connection standby
AC mainsloadUPS1
main
standby
bypass
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Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but
power is NOT extended.
UPS2
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Parallel ConnectionParallel ConnectionParallel ConnectionParallel Connection
AC mainsloadUPS1
Parallel logic control
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Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load,
high reliabilitybut requires complex technology.
UPS2
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Double Power BusDouble Power BusDouble Power BusDouble Power Bus
battery
UPS1AC PPC
Bus1
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STS
battery
UPS
AC PPC
load
feedloadLBS
UPS2
Bus2
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UPSUPS Key TechnologyKey TechnologyUPSUPS Key TechnologyKey Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
R n n
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Battery Management
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Battery FC/ECBattery FC/ECBattery FC/ECBattery FC/EC1. Current limit0.1C
2. FC to ECIc0.05C or C 80%EC to FCIc 0.01C
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FC: Floating ChargeEC: Equalizing Charge
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ContentContentContentContent
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
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Technical DataTechnical DataTechnical DataTechnical Data
Input Specification
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Output Specification
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Input Voltage RangeInput Voltage RangeInput Voltage RangeInput Voltage Range
adaptability to the power network.The wider the better.
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Bypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage Range
Typical range : 10%
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Input Frequency RangeInput Frequency Range
adaptability to the power network.
The wider the better.
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50Hz
4%
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Input Power FactorInput Power FactorInput Power FactorInput Power Factor
Power Factor = active power /apparent power
The higher the better.Smaller PF means lar er reactive ower, more
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harmonic current , which will pollute AC mainsnetwork.
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Total Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic Distortion
THD=harmonic current/Base100
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The smaller the better.
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Technical DataTechnical DataTechnical DataTechnical Data
Input Specification
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Output Specification
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Output Voltage StabilityOutput Voltage Stability
Input voltage in 220V25%output voltagefluctuation range when load change from 0 to
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.
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Output Frequency StabilityOutput Frequency Stability
Output Frequency Stability0.5%
UPS local oscillation frequency stability
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In battery mode, it comes from crystaloscillator.
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Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew RateFrequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate
Frequency Regulation :50Hz4%,
Frequency Slew Rate1Hz/s
For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better.
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Frequency Slew Ratespeed of Outputfrequency tracing input frequency.
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Overload CapabilityOverload Capability
Withstanding duration at 125% rated load,after that, transfers to bypass.
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O C C FO C C F
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Output Current Crest FactorOutput Current Crest Factor
Crest Factor =current peak value/ RMS value.Index of UPS load capability,
the larger the better.
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For PCServer, the factor is between 2.5 to3.0.
RMS: Root Mean Square
O t t P F tO t t P F t
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Output Power FactorOutput Power Factor
0.7 or 0.8
NOT the higher the better.
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nee no on y ac ve power u a soreactive power.
So unit is VA not W.
V lt Di t tiV lt Di t ti
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Voltage DistortionVoltage Distortion
Voltage Distortion= harmonic /Base + harmonic100
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The smaller the better.
ContentContentContentContent
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ContentContentContentContent
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
ContentContentContentContent
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ContentContentContentContent
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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L dL d A id B tt C llA id B tt C llL dL d A id B tt C llA id B tt C ll
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LeadLead--Acid Battery CellAcid Battery CellLeadLead--Acid Battery CellAcid Battery Cellv
=1cell
Positive plate:
Lead dioxide PbO2
e-Negative plate:
Form 2V cell
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Electrical Energy Chemical Energy
Electrolyte
Sulfuric solution H2SO4
LeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general typeLeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general type
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LeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general typeLeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general type
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Flooded Battery
or wet type or open vented type
VRLA Battery
Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery
VRLA B ttVRLA B tt d ith UPSd ith UPSVRLA B ttVRLA B tt d ith UPSd ith UPS
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VRLA BatteryVRLA Batteryused with UPSused with UPSVRLA BatteryVRLA Batteryused with UPSused with UPS
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UPSUPS Battery Battery
Structure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA Battery
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Structure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA Battery
container & covercontainer & cover
terminalterminal
strap/group barstrap/group bar
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Positive & negative platesPositive & negative plates
AGMAGM
safety valvesafety valve
AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and
electrolyte absorber.
Battery principleBattery principleBattery principleBattery principle
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Battery principleBattery principleBattery principleBattery principle
discharge
PbO22H2SO4Pb PbSO42H2OPbSO4charge
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(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead) (sulfate) (water) (sulfate)
active material electrolyte active material active material electrolyte active material
positive plate negative plate positive plate negative plate
Double sulfatetheory
ContentContentContentContent
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ContentContentContentContent
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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DischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristicDischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristic
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DischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristicDischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristic
1.9
2.1
2.0
0.1C 10
Terminal voltage(V/cell)
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discharge time
1.7
1.6
1.8
1h30min106 10 20h52
.0.3C 10
1min2 3
2.0C 10
1.0C 10 0.6C100.5C 10
8
Charge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge Characteristic
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Charge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge Characteristic
120
100 0.1C 2.4
Charged
Volume
Charging
Current
(%) (A)
Charging
Voltage
(V)
Charged Volume
2.23V Constant Voltage Charging at 25
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20
0
60
40
80 0.08C
0.06C
0.04C
0.02C
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
After 100% Discharge
After 50% Discharge
Charging Current
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Charging Time (hours)
Charging Voltage
Relationship between battery dischargecapacity and ambient temperatureRelationship between battery dischargecapacity and ambient temperature
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capacity and ambient temperaturecapacity and ambient temperature
80
100
120
low rate discharge 1h
------ high rate discharge 1h
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0
20
40
60
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature
capacityC
10
Storage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage Characteristic
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Storage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage Characteristic
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
%
pacity(%)
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3 0
4 0
5 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
Storage time (month)
AvailableC
Comparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS battery
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Comparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS battery
PS UPS
Designorientation
Long timesmall currentdeep discharge
Short timelarge current
light discharge
Design life Above 10 years 35 years
Lead paste Long life formulation,
Large power life formulation,
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ong cyc e e s or cyc e e
separator long life separator ,thick large diameter hole, thin.small current and deepdischarge will cause life end.
Recoveryability of
Over-discharge
good So-so
ContentContentContentContent
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Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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Battery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity Configuration
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PPPPpfpfpfpfTTTTC =C =C =C =
VVVVKKKK
Battery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity Configuration
P: UPS Capacity, VApf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,
P: UPS Capacity, VApf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,
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T: backup time
V: battery string voltage:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%K: battery discharge coefficient
T=13h K= 0.6
T=3h5h K= 0.8T=5h10hK= 0.85T10h K= 1
T: backup time
V: battery string voltage:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%K: battery discharge coefficient
T=13h K= 0.6
T=3h5h K= 0.8T=5h10hK= 0.85T10h K= 1
Battery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity Configuration
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Example20kVA UL33 UPS30 battery cells(12V),Carry 35%
loadbackup time is 4hhow much battery capacity
does it need?
y p y gy p y gy p y gy p y g
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C = = 94.5AH305V0.850.8
So need 100AH battery.
ContentContentContentContent
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UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Battery UPS Monitoring System
UPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System Function
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g yg yg yg y
1know and control real operating state,2provide UPS failure report in time,
3when AC mains abnormalbattery lowvoltageautomatically shutdown computer,
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4be able to run in LANWAN andInternet,
Composition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring System
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p g yp g yp g yp g y
UPS Monitoring SystemIntelligent UPS
NetworkMonitoring Software
Monitoring Software consists of three parts
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SNMP CardCentralized Monitoring Software
Safe Shutdown Program
UPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking Scheme
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gggg
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayUPS TreeUPS TreeMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayUPS TreeUPS Tree
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g p yg p yg p yg p y
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayStateStateMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayStateState
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData CurveData CurveMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData CurveData Curve
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvents ListEvents ListMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvents ListEvents List
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvent Log QueryEvent Log QueryMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvent Log QueryEvent Log Query
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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData Log QueryData Log QueryMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData Log QueryData Log Query
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UPS Events HandlingUPS Events HandlingUPS Events HandlingUPS Events Handling
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--
notifying Administrator
Pager
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OFF
audible/visual alarms
-
executing command file
log
UPS Events
EndEndEndEnd
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Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You
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