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Topic1
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Topic1 Topic 1: Chemistry and Matter
Table of Contents
Basic Concepts
Additional Concepts
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Chemistry is the science that investigatesand explains the structure and properties ofmatter.
Composition, Structure, and Behavior
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Matter is the stuff thats all around you: the
metal and plastic of a telephone, the paperand ink of a book, the glass and liquid of abottle of soda, the air you breathe, and thematerials that make up your body.
A more formal definition ofmatter isanything that takes up space and has mass.
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Mass is the measure of the amount of matterthat an object contains.
Composition, Structure, and Behavior
The structure of matter refers to its
compositionwhat matter is made ofaswell as how matter is organized.
The properties of matter describe the
characteristics and behavior of matter,including the changes that matterundergoes.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Matter that is large enough to be seen iscalled macroscopic, so all of yourobservations in chemistry, and everywhere
else, start from this perspective.
Macroscopic View of Matter
You may get hints of the actual structurefrom a macroscopic view. You must go to asubmicroscopic perspective to understandhow the hidden structure of matter influencesits behavior.
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The submicroscopic view gives you aglimpse into the world of atoms.
Submicroscopic View of Matter
It is a world so small that you cannot see it
even with the most powerful microscope,hence the term submicroscopic.
You learned in earlier science courses that
matter is made up of atoms.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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In your study of chemistry, you will use bothmacroscopic and submicroscopicperspectives.
Using Models in Chemistry
For example, sucrose and aspirin are bothcomposed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenatoms, but they have different behaviors andfunctions.
These differences must come about becauseof differences in the submicroscopicarrangement of their atoms.
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aspirin sucrose
Comparing the Structures of Aspirinand Sucrose
The different submicroscopic arrangements ofthe atoms in aspirin and sucrose cause thedifferences in their behavior.
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A scientific model is athinking device that helpsyou understand and
explain macroscopicobservations. Scientificmodels are built on
experimentation.
Using Models in ChemistryTopic
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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A powerful way to classify matter is by itscomposition. This is the broadest type ofclassification.
Classification by Composition
A qualitative observation is one that can bemade without measurement.
When you examine an unknown piece of
stuff, you first ask, What is it made of? Sucrose is composed of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. This is a qualitative
expression of composition.
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After a qualitative analysis, the next questionthat you might ask is how much of each ofthe elements is present.
Classification by Composition
A quantitative observation is one that usesmeasurement.
For sucrose, the answer to that question is
that 100 g of sucrose contains 42.1 g ofcarbon, 51.4 g of oxygen, and 6.5 g ofhydrogen. This is a quantitative expression ofcomposition.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Pure substance or a mixture?Topic
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
A substance is matter,either an element or
compound, with the samefixed composition andproperties.
A sample of matter is either puremade up ofonly one kind of matteror it is a mixture of
different kinds of matter.
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A mixture is a combination of two or moresubstances in which the basic identity of eachsubstance is notchanged.
Unlike pure substances,mixtures do not havespecific compositions.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
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A physical change is a change in matter thatdoes not involve a change in the chemicalidentity of individual substances.
Examples of physical changes include:
boiling,
freezing,
melting,
evaporating,
dissolving,
and crystallizing.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
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Examples of the physical properties of achunk of matter include its:
solubility,
melting point,
boiling point,
color,
density,
electrical conductivity,
and physical state (solid, liquid, or gas).
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i d M B i C
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A heterogeneous mixture is one withdifferent compositions, depending uponwhere you look.
The components ofthe mixture exist asdistinct regions,often called phases.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i d M B i C
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Homogeneous mixtures are the samethroughout.
Another name for a homogeneous mixture issolution.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Some solutions are gases. Air, for example, isa homogeneous mixture of several gases.
Some solutions are solid.
Liquid solutions do not have to be liquid orcontain water.
Ch i t d M tt B i C t
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Alloys are solidsolutions thatcontain different
metals andsometimesnonmetallicsubstances.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i t d M tt B i C t
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When you dissolve sugar in water, sugar isthe solutethe substance being dissolved.
The substance that dissolves the solute, inthis case water, is the solvent.
When the solvent is water, the solution iscalled an aqueous solution.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i t d M tt B i C t
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Many of the solutions youencounter are aqueoussolutions, for example, soda,
tea, contact-lens cleaner, andother clear cleaning liquids.
In addition, most of the
processes of life occur inaqueous solutions.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i t d M tt B i C t
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Pure substance or a mixture?
Ch i t d M tt B i C t
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Two Types of Substances
One type of pure substance can be brokendown into simpler substances. This type ofsubstance is called a compound.
Another type of substance cannot be brokendown into simpler substances. Such asubstance is called an element.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
All the substances of the universe are eitherelements, compounds formed from elements,or mixtures of elements and compounds.
Chemistr and Matter Basic Concepts
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Two Types of Substances
Of the known elements, only about 90 occurnaturally on Earth. The remainder aresynthesized, usually in barely detectableamounts, in high-energy nuclear experiments.
Less than half of the 90 naturally occurringelements are abundant enough to play asignificant role in the chemistry of everydaystuff.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Organizing the Elements
The periodic table organizes elements in away that provides a wealth of chemicalinformationmuch more than is evident to
you now. It shows the chemical symbols forthe elements.
Their symbols usually correspond to their
names in Latin.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Periodic Table of the ElementsTopic
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Compounds Are More Than One Element
A more complete definition is that acompound is a chemical combination of twoor more different elements joined together in afixed proportion with a unique set of chemicaland physicalproperties.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
More than 10 million compounds are knownand the number keeps growing.
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Compounds Are More Than One ElementTopic
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Some new compounds are discovered andisolated from natural chemical sources such asplants and colonies of bacteria and aresynthesized in laboratories for many differentuses.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Compounds Are More Than One Element
The properties of the compound are differentfrom the properties of the elements thatcompose the compound.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
silver + bromine = silver bromide
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Compounds Are More Than One Element
More than 10 million compounds are knownand the number keeps growing.
New compounds are discovered and isolatedfrom natural chemical sources such as plantsand colonies of bacteria and are synthesized
in laboratories for many different uses.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Compounds Are More Than One Element
A formula is a combination of the chemicalsymbols that show what elements make up acompound and the number of atoms of eachelement.
Compound Formula
Caffeine C8H10N4O2
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Compounds Are More Than One Element
Formulas provide a shorthand way ofdescribing a submicroscopic view of acompound.
You probably already use formulas like H2Oand CO2 as a way of talking about water andcarbon dioxide.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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States of Matter
Most matter on Earth exists in one of threephysical states: solid, liquid, or gas. A fourthstate of matter, called plasma, is less familiar.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Changes in state are examples of physical
changes because there is no change in thechemical composition identity of thesubstance.
Ice can melt back to form liquid water, andsteam will condense on a cool surface toform liquid water.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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States of Matter
Some substances are described as volatile,which means that they change to a gas easilyat room temperature.
Alcohol and gasoline are more volatile thanwater.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Density is the amount of matter (mass)contained in a unit of volume.
Styrofoam has a low density or small mass perunit of volume.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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States of Matter
Stones have a largedensity or a large massper unit of volume.
In science, the density of solids and liquids isusually measured in units of grams (mass)per milliliter (volume) or g/mL.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Properties
Chemical properties are those that can beobserved only when there is a change in thecomposition of the substance.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Rusting is a chemical reaction in which ironcombines with oxygen to form a newsubstance, iron oxide.
Inability to react is also a chemical property.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Changes
chemical change, thechange of one or moresubstances into othersubstances.
A chemical property always relates to a
Another term for
chemical change ischemical reaction.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical ChangesTopic
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Click box to view movie clip.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Changes
All matter is made of atoms, and anychemical change involves only arearrangement of the atoms. Atoms do notjust appear. Atoms do not just disappear.
This is an example of the law ofconservation of mass, which says that in achemical change, matter is neither created
nor destroyed. It would be equally correct tocall this the law of conservation of matter.
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
All chemical changes also involve some sortof energy change.
Energy is either taken in or given off as thechemical change takes place.Energy is thecapacity to do work.
Work is done whenever something is moved.
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
Many reactions give off energy. For example, burning wood
is a chemical change in
which cellulose, and othersubstances in the wood,combine with oxygen fromthe air to produce mainly
carbon dioxide and water.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
Energy is also produced and released in theform of heat and light.
Chemical reactions that give off heat energyare called exothermicreactions.
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Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
Chemical reactions that absorb heat energy
are called endothermic reactions.
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
You can tell that the decomposition of waterinto oxygen and hydrogen is an endothermicreaction because it doesnt occur unlessenergy, in the formof an electric
current, is passed
through water.
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C e st y a d atte as c Co cepts
Chemistry and Matter: Basic Concepts
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
Photosynthesis isprobably the mostimportant endothermic
process on Earth.
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Green plants, algae, and
many kinds of bacteriacarry out photosynthesis.
Basic Assessment Questions
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Question 1
Identify each of the following as either acompound or a mixture.
A. sand
B. water
C. juice
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Basic Assessment Questions
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Answers
A. sand
B. water
C. juice
mixture
compound
mixture
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Basic Assessment Questions
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Classify each of the following as a chemicalor physical property.
Question 2
A. density
B. reactivity
C. color
D. melting point
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Basic Assessment Questions
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Answers
A. density
B. reactivity
C. color
D. melting point
physical property
chemical property
physical property
physical property
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Chemistry and Matter: Additional Concepts
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Additional Concepts
Chemistry and Matter: Additional Concepts
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Branches of Chemistry
Branch Area of Emphasis ExamplesOrganic
chemistry
most carbon-containing chemicals pharmaceuticals,
plastics
Inorganic
chemistry
in general, matter that does not
contain carbon
minerals, metals and
nonmetals, semi-
conductors
Physical
chemistry
the behavior and changes of matter
and the related energy changes
reaction rates,
reaction mechanisms
Analytical
chemistry
components and composition of
substances
food nutrients,
quality control
Biochemistry matter and processes of living
organisms
metabolism,
fermentation
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Chemistry and Matter: Additional Concepts
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Scientific Methods
A scientific method is a systematic approachto answer a question or study a situation.
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It is both an organized way for scientists to doresearch and a wayfor scientists toverify the work ofother scientists.
Chemistry and Matter: Additional Concepts
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Scientific Methods
A typical scientific method includes:
making observations,
forming a hypothesis, performing an experiment,
and arriving at a conclusion.
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Scientific Methods
Often, a scientist will begin with qualitativedatainformation that describes color, odor,shape, or some other physical characteristicthat relates to the five senses.
Chemists also use numerical quantitativedata.
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A hypothesis is a possible explanation for
what has been observed. An experiment is a set of controlledobservations that test a hypothesis.
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Scientific Methods
The variable that ischanged in an experimentis called the independentvariable.
The variable that youwatch to see how itchanges as a result of your
changes to the independentvariable is called thedependent variable.
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Scientific Methods
Many experiments also include a control,which is a standard for comparison.
A conclusion is a judgment based on the data
obtained in the experiment.
If data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis istentatively affirmed. Hypotheses are never
proven; they are always subject to additionalresearch.
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Scientific Methods
Over time, data from many experiments canbe used to form a visual, verbal, and/ormathematical explanationcalled amodelof the phenomenon being studied.
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A theory is an explanation that has beensupported by many experiments.
Theories are always subject to newexperimental data and are modified to includenew data.
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Scientific Methods
A scientific lawdescribes a relationshipin nature that is
supported by manyexperiments and forwhich no exception hasbeen found.
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Scientific Research
Pure research is done to gain knowledge forthe sake of knowledge itself.
Applied research is undertaken to solve aspecific problem.
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Additional Assessment QuestionsT i
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Identify the dependent variable and the
independent variable in the following
experiments.
Question 1Topic
1
T iAdditional Assessment Questions
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A student tests the ability of a given chemicalto dissolve in water at three different
temperatures.
independent variable: temperature;
dependent variable: ability to dissolve in water
Answer 1a
Question 1aTopic
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TopicAdditional Assessment Questions
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A farmer compares how his crops grow withand without phosphorous fertilizers.
independent variable: presence of phosphorous
fertilizer;dependent variable: crop growth
Answer 1b
Question 1bTopic
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TopicAdditional Assessment Questions
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Classify each kind of research as either pureor applied.
Question 2Topic
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TopicAdditional Assessment Questions
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A scientist studies plants in a rain forest insearch of chemicals that might be used to treat
AIDS.
applied
Answer 2a
Question 2aTopic
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TopicAdditional Assessment Questions
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A researcher studies the effects of hormoneson the brain of a worm.
pure
Answer 2b
Question 2bTopic
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TopicAdditional Assessment Questions
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A researcher tries to develop cleaner burningfuels to help reduce air pollution.
applied
Answer 2c
Question 2cTopic
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