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THE THE PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE ERAERA
AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS IN THE EARLY 20IN THE EARLY 20THTH CENTURYCENTURY
ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM
As America entered into As America entered into the 20the 20thth century, middle century, middle class reformers class reformers addressed many social addressed many social problems problems
Work conditions, rights Work conditions, rights for women and for women and children, economic children, economic reform, reform, environmental environmental issuesissues and social and social welfare were a few of welfare were a few of these issues these issues
FOUR GOALS OF FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERSREFORMERS
1) Protect Social 1) Protect Social WelfareWelfare
2) Promote Moral 2) Promote Moral ImprovementImprovement
3) Create 3) Create Economic ReformEconomic Reform
4) Foster 4) Foster EfficiencyEfficiency
1.PROTECT SOCIAL 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFAREWELFARE
Industrialization in the Industrialization in the late 19late 19thth century was century was largely unregulatedlargely unregulated
Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward responsibility toward their workerstheir workers
As a result Settlement As a result Settlement homes and churches homes and churches served the communityserved the community
Also the Also the YMCAYMCA and and Salvation Army took on Salvation Army took on service rolesservice roles
2. PROMOTE MORAL 2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
Some reformers felt Some reformers felt that the answer to that the answer to societies problems was societies problems was personal behaviorpersonal behavior
They proposed such They proposed such reforms as prohibitionreforms as prohibition
Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU)(WCTU)
3. CREATE ECONOMIC 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORMREFORM
The Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 prompted some prompted some Americans to question Americans to question the capitalist the capitalist economic systemeconomic system
As a result some As a result some workers embraced workers embraced socialismsocialism
Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized the organized the American Socialist American Socialist Party in 1901Party in 1901 Debs encouraged workers to reject
American Capitalism
MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS
Though most progressives Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticismtruth in Debs’ criticism
Journalists known as Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in businesscorruption in business
Ida TarbellIda Tarbell exposed exposed Standard Oil Company’s Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of cut-throat methods of eliminating competitioneliminating competition
Ida Tarbell
Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker
4. FOSTERING 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY Many Progressive Many Progressive
leaders put their faith leaders put their faith in scientific principles in scientific principles to make society betterto make society better
In Industry, Frederick In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using Taylor began using time & motion studies time & motion studies to improve factory to improve factory efficiencyefficiency
Taylorism became an Taylorism became an Industry fad as Industry fad as factories sought to factories sought to complete each task complete each task quickly quickly
CLEANING UP LOCAL CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Efforts at reforming Efforts at reforming local governmentlocal government stemmed from the stemmed from the desire to make desire to make government more government more efficient and efficient and responsive to citizensresponsive to citizens
Some believe it also Some believe it also was meant to limit was meant to limit immigrants influence immigrants influence in local governmentsin local governments
REGULATING BIG REGULATING BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS
Under the Under the progressive progressive Republican Republican leadership of leadership of Robert La Robert La Follette,Follette, Wisconsin led the Wisconsin led the way in regulating way in regulating big businessbig business
Robert La Follette
PROTECTING WORKING PROTECTING WORKING CHILDRENCHILDREN
As the number of As the number of child workers rose, child workers rose, reformers worked to reformers worked to end end child laborchild labor
Children were more Children were more prone to accidents prone to accidents caused by fatiguecaused by fatigue
Nearly every state Nearly every state limited or banned limited or banned child labor by 1918child labor by 1918
EFFORTS TO LIMIT EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURSHOURS
The Supreme Court The Supreme Court and the states enacted and the states enacted or strengthened laws or strengthened laws reducing women’s reducing women’s hours of workhours of work
Progressives also Progressives also succeeded in winning succeeded in winning worker’s worker’s compensationcompensation to aid to aid families of injured families of injured workersworkers
ELECTION REFORMELECTION REFORM Citizens fought for, Citizens fought for,
and won, such and won, such measures as secret measures as secret ballots, referendum ballots, referendum votes, and the votes, and the recallrecall
Citizens could petition Citizens could petition and get and get initiativesinitiatives onon the ballotthe ballot
In 1899, Minnesota In 1899, Minnesota passed the first passed the first statewide primary statewide primary systemsystem
DIRECT ELECTION OF DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORSSENATORS Before 1913, each Before 1913, each
state’s legislature had state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. chosen its own U.S. senatorssenators
To force senators to be To force senators to be more responsive to the more responsive to the public, progressives public, progressives pushed for the popular pushed for the popular election of senatorselection of senators
As a result, Congress As a result, Congress passed the passed the 1717thth Amendment Amendment (1913(1913))
SECTION 2: WOMEN IN SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFEPUBLIC LIFE
Before the Civil Before the Civil War, American War, American women were women were expected to devote expected to devote their time to home their time to home and familyand family
By the late 19By the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth century, century, women were visible women were visible in the workforcein the workforce
DOMESTIC DOMESTIC WORKERSWORKERS
Before the turn-of-Before the turn-of-the-century women the-century women without formal without formal education education contributed to the contributed to the economic welfare of economic welfare of their families by their families by doing doing domestic domestic workwork
Altogether, 70% of Altogether, 70% of women employed in women employed in 1870 were servants1870 were servants
WOMEN IN THE WORK WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCEFORCE
Opportunities for Opportunities for women increased women increased especially in the especially in the citiescities
By 1900, one out of By 1900, one out of five women workedfive women worked
The The garment tradegarment trade was popular as was was popular as was office work, office work, department stores department stores and classroomsand classrooms
WOMEN LEAD WOMEN LEAD REFORMREFORM
Many of the leading Many of the leading progressive reformers progressive reformers were womenwere women
Middle and upper Middle and upper class women also class women also entered the public entered the public sphere as reformerssphere as reformers
Many of these women Many of these women had graduated from had graduated from new new women’s collegeswomen’s colleges
Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel
WOMEN AND WOMEN AND REFORMREFORM
Women reformers Women reformers strove to improve strove to improve conditions at work and conditions at work and homehome
In 1896, black women In 1896, black women formed the National formed the National Association of Colored Association of Colored Women (NACW)Women (NACW)
Suffrage was another Suffrage was another important issue for important issue for womenwomen
THREE-PART STRATEGY THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING FOR WINNING SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE
Suffragists tried three Suffragists tried three approaches to winning the approaches to winning the vote (vote (Susan B. Anthony)Susan B. Anthony)
1) Convince state 1) Convince state legislatures to adopt vote legislatures to adopt vote (Succeeded in Wyoming, (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado)Utah, Idaho, Colorado)
2) Pursue court cases to 2) Pursue court cases to test 14test 14thth Amendment Amendment
3) Push for national 3) Push for national constitutional Amendment constitutional Amendment
SECTION 3: TEDDY SECTION 3: TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEALDEAL
When President When President William McKinley William McKinley was assassinated was assassinated 6 months into his 6 months into his second term, second term, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt became Roosevelt became the nations 26the nations 26thth presidentpresidentMcKinley was assassinated by an
anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901
ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERSROUGH RIDERS
Roosevelt grabbed Roosevelt grabbed national attention by national attention by advocating war with advocating war with Spain in 1898Spain in 1898
His volunteer cavalry His volunteer cavalry brigade, brigade, the Rough the Rough Riders,Riders, won public won public acclaim for its role in acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan the battle at San Juan Hill in CubaHill in Cuba
Roosevelt returned a Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon hero and was soon elected governor of NY elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s and later McKinley’s vice-president vice-president
39. Roosevelt’s volunteer cavalry brigade that won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba.
A. Low Riders
B. Night Riders
C. Rough Riders
D. Tough Riders
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
THE MODERN THE MODERN PRESIDENTPRESIDENT
When Roosevelt was When Roosevelt was thrust into the thrust into the presidency in 1901, he presidency in 1901, he became the youngest became the youngest president ever at age president ever at age 4242
He quickly established He quickly established himself as a himself as a modern modern presidentpresident who could who could influence the media influence the media and shape legislationand shape legislation
TRUSTBUSTINGTRUSTBUSTING By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – –
legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in many to hold stock in many companies – companies – controlled 80% of U.S. controlled 80% of U.S. industriesindustries
Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under antitrust suits under the Sherman the Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act
1902 COAL STRIKE1902 COAL STRIKE In 1902 140,000 In 1902 140,000 coal coal
minersminers in Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionizeand the right to unionize
Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to bargainbargain
Roosevelt called in both Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the sides and settled the disputedispute
Thereafter, when a strike Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, threatened public welfare, the federal government was the federal government was expected to step in and helpexpected to step in and help
What was the significance of the 1902 Coal Strike?
A. When a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help.
B. It proved the inability of the federal government to negotiate issues.
C. When a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government would leave the issue to private sectors to resolve the problem.
D. It proved the inability of the federal government communicate with big business leaders in the United States.
““THE JUNGLE”THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO LEADS TO FOOD REGULATIONFOOD REGULATION
After reading After reading The The JungleJungle by Upton by Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection the Meat Inspection Act of 1906Act of 1906
The Act mandated The Act mandated cleaner conditions for cleaner conditions for meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants
PURE FOOD AND DRUG PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTACT
In response to In response to unregulated claims unregulated claims and unhealthy and unhealthy products, Congress products, Congress passed the passed the Pure Food Pure Food and Drug Actand Drug Act in 1906 in 1906
The Act halted the The Act halted the sale of contaminated sale of contaminated foods and medicines foods and medicines and called for truth and called for truth in labelingin labeling
The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other
harmful ingredients off the market
ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the presidency, the federal government federal government paid very little paid very little attention to the attention to the nation’s natural nation’s natural resourcesresources
Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a conservation a primary concern of primary concern of his administrationhis administration
Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author
John Muir at Yosemite Park
ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS
Roosevelt set aside Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of 148 million acres of forest reservesforest reserves
He also set aside 1.5 He also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-million acres of water-power sites and he power sites and he established 50 wildlife established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and sanctuaries and several several national parksnational parksYellowstone National
Park, Wyoming
ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTSRIGHTS
Roosevelt failed to Roosevelt failed to support Civil support Civil Rights for African Rights for African AmericansAmericans
He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such as individuals such as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington
NAACP FORMED TO NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE RIGHTSPROMOTE RIGHTS
In 1909 a number of In 1909 a number of African Americans and African Americans and prominent white prominent white reformers formed the reformers formed the National Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored PeopleColored People
The The NAACPNAACP had 6,000 had 6,000 members by 1914 members by 1914
The goal of the The goal of the organization was full organization was full equality among the racesequality among the races
The means to achieve this The means to achieve this was the court systemwas the court system1964 Application
SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFTUNDER PRESIDENT TAFT
Republican William Republican William Howard TaftHoward Taft easily easily defeated Democrat defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 to win the 1908 presidential electionpresidential election
Among his Among his accomplishments, Taft accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 trusts during “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in officehis 4 years in office Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s
War Secretary
TAFT LOSES POWERTAFT LOSES POWER Taft was not popular Taft was not popular
with the American with the American public nor reform public nor reform minded Republicansminded Republicans
By 1910, Democrats By 1910, Democrats had regained control had regained control of the House of of the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives
Taft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world”
1912 ELECTION1912 ELECTION Republicans split in Republicans split in
1912 between Taft and 1912 between Taft and Teddy Roosevelt (who Teddy Roosevelt (who returned after a long trip returned after a long trip to Africa)to Africa)
Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft nominated Taft
Some Republicans Some Republicans formed a third party – formed a third party – The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose Party and nominated Rooseveltand nominated Roosevelt
The Democrats put The Democrats put forward a reform - forward a reform - minded New Jersey minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Governor, Woodrow WilsonWilson
Republicans split in 1912
WILSON’S NEW WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMFREEDOM
As America’s newly As America’s newly elected president, elected president, Wilson moved to Wilson moved to enact his program, enact his program, the “New Freedom”the “New Freedom”
He planned his He planned his attack on what he attack on what he called the triple wall called the triple wall of privilege: of privilege: trusts, trusts, tariffs, and high tariffs, and high financefinanceW. Wilson U.S. President
1912-1920
CLAYTON CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACTANTITRUST ACT
In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which Antitrust Act which strengthened the strengthened the Sherman ActSherman Act
The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from acquiring stock from another company from another company (Anti-monopoly)(Anti-monopoly)
The Act also supported The Act also supported workers unionsworkers unions
FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED
The FTC was The FTC was formed in 1914 to formed in 1914 to serve as a serve as a “watchdog” agency “watchdog” agency to end to end unfair unfair business practicesbusiness practices
The FTC protects The FTC protects consumers from consumers from business fraud business fraud Today the FTC has been working on
protecting consumers from ID theft
FEDERAL INCOME TAX FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVESARRIVES
Wilson worked hard Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, to lower tariffs, however that lost however that lost revenue had to be revenue had to be made up made up
Ratified in 1916, the Ratified in 1916, the 1616thth Amendment Amendment legalized a graduated legalized a graduated federal income taxfederal income tax
WOMEN WIN WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE
Native-born, educated, Native-born, educated, middle-class women middle-class women grew more and more grew more and more impatient impatient
Through local, state Through local, state and national and national organization, vigorous organization, vigorous protests and World protests and World War I, women finally War I, women finally realized their dream in realized their dream in 19201920The 19th Amendment gave women
the right to vote in 1920
LIMITS OF LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM
While the While the Progressive era was Progressive era was responsible for responsible for many important many important reforms, it failed to reforms, it failed to make gains for make gains for African AmericansAfrican Americans
Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil retreated on Civil Rights once in Rights once in officeoffice
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s
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