I
The main thcna of th.to ehapte: rovo1vcs .~
the corwcquc:nt o:nc:rgenQG of the nat1on stato oiZ A!gbants'ttatl
and the) rolo oS diva:s~ J:cgional ozapoQCnf:s,kc.::;,!ng in mid
the ttmq/cpGCG ~z:dtnatos. X't ~e the geogzraph!cal
f:Outes end o::t1.e ofi ~erato tbl»ugh v~J.oue b18Wtrieal
pcrtotls os At muld bo.\p !n tlnSe?:O(:e.BU.ng ~e process off
c:o-c:d.stence end conflicts amongst OC.:ho VSI'J.ouo ~hn1o-.
~U9a •. file foCW3 to mainly on tbe3 pJ:Ocess of nattou butl&.
.lng in d.UH!Gt"ent bAfltoz:Acal pG.l:.io4D Dtudytng the .,re an4
pcr:tpller:e rol.et!ono~ M · atC:tGXP~ beo elso bee3 ntde to
cnalyne tho inQect ot v~.toua boundar:y agarez:metlts t~lth the
no!ghbouro eo ~1 os tho &-esponeG to &~:it~stea
rtval#F 8124 ~ho oowtod&og ce.rrtt~.me eo! com1noatoJ. fol'c.teth.
ibe majo~t objccU\?eO ofi ~hG &ntll.fsla 110uld bc:::s•
t>D\a<: bwo been the b.lo'C:ortcel processeo .J.ediag to
(:he pG:QPlAng of tbo vast b~Oll lonacapo ot M~auotcmt
~oe: ~ablo fln4 unsi:abl~ zrcgiooo o! ~ulo~n
OOt\90D!'Uoc hcr"c ~04 out oQ thAD b.lotw:~oal Uauio.l't.l~.&on,
t'S\w has J:>eeu 'Cho go'.)opo!A~ po.t1:4o!p&<C;!on of
QajOt othD!Q popalat.t.oa tn cbtJSt!ne tmo hAotoq os.! tho fte't£oft
Si:sto c>B Aigb~cta'B
abet: m:e. ~ ew:"•orru patteroo .oil Soo.to-04 ~el
oc/'4t!c:z~# •Qthc:tl' SQ~<::!!rod. oJt &Aftoot: ot C'4Uolon'teS. bavo
~ ... t
!tl'£F:~f::?:ri!d .oLin~ ~ !!!! ofl rro!!!eai!l• Defore ette~pUng to urd.-sta!d . the hi~A.oaJ.
' . ' . . ' . : . . '
• ttansfo:r:mation in Algban.t.~an.. it wo~4 be a wo~Ue .
aer:c1se to kD:)w 'the maJo• 8:'fCU: of DDV'.-e .ezd the
t.r1tot>lal 11nka;• afft~e~t.a. tbeteiDt the etofte\le
bord$s of. t:&~ellcs an:! C)QQ11C'I:?C'$ fo11~ a ve11.
a.t.tn.S al4ll m)11C!!111Dent' as peta'lt~ec! tty the pbf~
enviJ:omeatal consbe1ots an! by 'tbe subsequent lldluenoe
ot aogenous factol"s. ~ t«.>ul4 be mtJ.c.S "that tbougb the
eaa1ent overlord routes .of central tUd South itl.lta. tUmln..
.t.ab..S ill Jsaponance witb tne r.tse of ocoa tr:aaepon ea1
canal waterw~s, th• a:outu within ldgbetllataa U'e et.U.l
i:he me.t.n Ufta or ~octo ol t.r'SiiePOI:'t ~eationa
neM»"lt•
!be fu•t line of •'• ao,..._t em~~roes wlucable
.t.D the WtJf.Jt on the pnsentt 4ay tl:'elt'I•Afgium .ao..s.-. ( aee,..lb•"two ® ).
St has oer:ved aa the en~ potn" fol' all 11s9ec!er·e,,
coaque=oJr• eu1 Ur8Ve11wa t41o beve cao•ea. ~-~bJ:ouob tAm• J.o:lrnt!bllzrW. H ot'igiaatu nortb ol Heat ana ttncses tl0lltbwar4s tcntcJU.ng Heca\, mteaae $a.\ elolig' the
Helmard to ~eb •. SN.s .coute ·.baa beeQ f.bllollecJ bf
Al•aad• tbe Clnat, UmuJ: ana otna o:t~•a• lbe fiMI"Gat
31
dvaa~age enjoyed by thls cou:to u th.o flat J.evQl couftttlr
cml.m.tnsting ioto &:y barron 10il4sc:spe of · Ueiniian cn4
.l>tlsbt.i-f.lftt'go ln South ''~~t~n Mgtt~a. tt· .f.a Oleo ~
aontiguoua l:"cgSoa attertdtllg A.~ .~r:c~ both g<.:ogp:ePbloallt
aJid otbn&cally 0. :tnb&ite4 by the ·~.-~ ~ • (Blo four:
~n!.C trl.bCD oi 1'e.l.manlq,.g:J#OakQb1oo ·-4'cm$b¢1• on4 thO
SunQ114asatQQ),the.ir cultw:al. dtintty i(J ~ ~.d eo~:su
erd. he$ n blend of el.l eons o£ pceples~ tho J'~cxU.e
fll:'e the taos~ co~tn:Dn of til~~· tr.tbeo a.Qd btWe al.t~Qlo pla;d
host to ver.sous i.ac::tmllq 1:1ravd.l.ct1 e.m\ cc:tnqucs=~:a. ·Shq
inhabit tho bJl.ly #'egJ.oo oS! nonban ent1 a"))~h:.~
be!."atitt
!:ibC SQQOrd ma.Ju axis ot! rnov~ Sid 'the enc:r of! C10:mtQJI)ic:rctton As tho taoup tb~hGtn Route- It la c . 41VOZ'9'encs ~tho SUI; t'OUtC whJ.c:h gt>vcat:a tba oast-
t1e~ ~alSo in the COI'lU'al As.lo long 'befc)J;O r:oa&$ an$
h.&.ghtsqrs omao into ~. ftc aue:&eU. of t·h.l• 'ifCu-to
lies 4t Selkb ·oJr tho onel~ city o2 BaCtlte t1b!Ob be:&
]l,eeft thO~~~ i'bn'. 'thG OCDOVGACht It $~ ~QQb!O ·
<l<> auppooo that fl£om .oetll~ 'tf.lmes tr&Vel ostl.WZUUJ e=ro
Solkb c:mt ~f.Shar:U,·blr~ ott fi"Cttl the main.
•cu:a:flo BD\1to ~ Gl\Gt ~ ~~.let tbo mer:cb~o ott
c~ ~so tbo pasoes ot ~Q ~ob t:o ~alia~ ~('
32
oulisr ~»uta soutm:rerae ~m Selleh .~et>lv. mo~es t:h~
Salkh ri'VEit end Cli.'Oesed tho main ridge of: tho HLnduktl.sh . ' -_..' .· " ' ' . .
by· t~O Se!ld-i.Alt~S.r $ild ~ pDSSGS Ot ~sing by Heibok ' . • t •
. ana lCehmdl '\tallq. ae.tOos tho Ao& .. Rol)et Pass. Bo'tb routos . ; . ' ' . . : ., .
converged on tbe a~y~ vallqy lihete .An ~st tbnae . ' . . '
tbe cttr of Ghulghulo gavo J:est e.nd ~- tct tJOSIY ;
33
l?tom Seli\Yan thoro ere 'tt<Q routes to»~a the 1CeboJ.
plateCil tha fuat t:h1<>"l erOGsG$ the Sbibal!' pass an.1 4eao.
on:lo iftto tho a'hot:benil veUqy seems to be tho baste s:ou~e~
ao long aa Bcgram ret::o.tnd .it~ pre-Olliaence 1.ft A1ouanfb:'1en
tboe&. thts J:OUt~ ~as oleo #:tllot1Gl by t.be Ob.f.neao pUg~rm
tUc:m !Ieang tn tho ~b eontuq A..O.
He mentJoncd dlout .tts tough cl.tmate, ~ passes
CDS tcpogt:Qpby ~ ih16 route tJ&s also follo~ by C:baft9t:.a
Khan .tn Aot.>~sazo. t,et~ o!'l t1hen Begtam vee rcplacd. br
.Kabul,. es tho pr~o o.t~ R the toute 1b:om Be:mvatt t-Jrftd
~ cr.ose.tng tho fbb-1-Doha .c'C~ by tho Haji '3al% pess
anti aft¢t nC£QtiG'tiftg tho upp~ t1atera o! tbG H~ and
tbo t.n.lal pea~ d~«l th~ b®.ut"Uul 17d1GY ofl ~ho Kabul
g£vor: o.A to tbe ccntl:el plat~ thutl (X)lloW.iftg & m::uro
d~ a:oute tc> Kabul itself•
St mer be Plf'~ i:h~ uost ot i:ho ga::•t 9011Q.Uet'Qllt&
·~ ca:oesctl thO IUtdutosdl 1b1lowa& shorter: tm4 4Ufi<NJ.t
AFGHANISTAN N
MAJOR MOUNTAIN PASSES +
u 0 <t
/. \. . .-/ . :-:> ) 1 . ~akh~ t . .r · ./x7"~ '_; / Barog'lil
Doreh /. An (
Boghlan . )( '\ . Anjumen .
ui·J·khumri )
~Salong J. s hibaf-"'-- _,. 0'v .
Nil pass.., / *~~arabi \ S'zak ?" Una.if' - ---·-~Khyber r ShutLg; .. -._"-\........) ~ ('-""."""""Pass
___ ....-....----~~u_w- Kirm7 AoGoden '1 Talkh Ao ·) Ghazni .
() ( . ., . -..J·-
~ (
(
\ )
\ ""andhar <) ' t·-· "" . '--·-..
r
I ) !' )
~ ,./ ·- / ·-- .--. . ......_ __ . .-.... . ......_,
J'A....,_}
•
. _)
Major Passes Major Towns Paved Roads Kuchcha Roads
40 80 120
Kms.
34
.UQuta«t Alo.s:antletr (328 SoC:") tld. ~ ( U9S A•Da) ozoasdl
tho ~m:1e"k p~fJSo Bd'lw: csm$ by tbet Gipcbo.k paoo:. Glto cu
bo at:t~:.tbutC'!d ~ the 6.1$tri.'bution of tcibe$ etd ~c.
g:roUpa 14'bich. inhebited thone er:oas·$) ttlo 11~s of 411!f&m4t
exi~ nnvdDQI'No 11tX'O iabeb!tod by oel!antaey : C'U'%d. noaadlic
tsdbeo flh1ch w~e Gmall !.n ~at t'ld uor:o..o:-lcse t1ltb '
S.n.'iapendont autbos:1tlosa 'lbo sett1ct! 'C:!beo 1ft hab!ta~d
~a:t!lo J:iver \1811eye and uere loyol ·(!o mmo 'tt,4])a1 autb
or1tr tbus md.nta.tn1n9 QQ. overall f!eut.lat tinsb.tp ~ieh
p:ov.!dcd ~lit re.slntanae to cnv tnvd.a•
\be t~ line o# ax!e movmnent to oasUy disc~
oible .to eaaltcrn ert4 aout.b.oaoterD ~gbentD"Can tmicb hoo
b~ tG:1!'tnea. e.o tho !nv~ers nntn;y. .!.rd:o Jd&ao l-t: oonwea erou!'d ~ho 1Q\e.tbe3: po.os, ad bas b~. aom.tn~d b]r tho
de.Qenoe oa ~av:o Atlr1&a, 8~00 ol .t.1:o t'f(O~iool
d1s~ant~ 4\J.etantl~ =of.leeti tho !tcbul wAva: ned
t1tl!o1cltttl eftA cemo G»m :tnto ~~ vallcu out ofl suat. . . ( .
B\1(a1. ~ oe Clhea! doscem.\0'! from tho lbfts:' ~.
trrao Dwat o ~.tsttera oil O)utOQ An fte'>mal ib~ oroesdl <tme
l<hoJ.bd' of\:.·ac thGY pala a 1l1a!J: I!ObbGZfs. ee¢Ul•~ (~ tit>ht10
19~!J ) ~ %ll tbo Gatetn end. south G&etorn J'm:"t• ot Atgbante..
tan tho Q)llow.tno sub-lines ~t e:nAs _,OIIOQt.Q enaego&e•
e) ono #O~a ez:om ·t:ll~ cona.eo t!ot10 1:no Ool®l •
1dtJ, to the ~cr~:e peas ttlco. tho .~c.m
1fb1Cib eepwates 1~. fl:om the :tt.dus,.: atd . thllftee . . , ' . ~ . ,. .
to th. h1$t0Jt1C fott o! Ohaftla:tt-•
b) ·An elterns1:.ttt• route from <lluat ·~atte e:tthar
e;r sannu. am DhM~kot or in ._.11c t.tmu ib~·
Pubawar ))y · the Jrohat peso.
c) · 1be f«r.oua tud\i "'fal.ley .route ts the best
k.Q:,wn :e.com whiob the· 4.1fferMt ol.ezs$ o:e tho
Sula.!mtln ·141e;1. oa,ilc t:iown to the Udue plains
· fo:c- w.t.ntc g3::ea1tlg~
4) A IO'Qte fmt~~ JWdbc <10tnes )).r way of Ptllbtn
an1 1.bel osotiel£ at th• J.owec Dar:ajat •
35
Mention raust be mfde ebout t-he nwaar:oua .invades
Who follotdlel «Ut••• aoutes ml4 ltne• ol uta mv«aefts
·,into . ltd.&,••. Ob_. lOlU nw• tn..-oNtd the ndua~ fi'Oia
Ghu.U..f be Gbaa.S .Sulilao ~eld • • uuw •· Dh81l1Q>'tl-. Milt
l'.iaad' ••• •G Dhaa_,'U .u:oute to Delh' bv wey oil D.OI'Il•
ileau Shot\ oan• •~~a J(ebul ov the KhaOer:. 11\e tt:lgbals
to ·ime tam• ol Akbu BW!de l<h..._, a ....,._ highway. e I ' I
.9•~~tSI)b4o~ ~cas &ncS .meta 1~ ot a£• IIQYtmetlt:r.
••4Ml• two £tlpon~ taota••
, th• ..,...,..., .. ~.eel "'•'• eG'i ••ecUng o:acur-a c~ o• atJOieni: .AigheAletaa '•e.ll•at, ~ .. ·Gb•&n&, Jt.abul., aukh Mli. M~z.-Wbuu.· .1n •·
e>.aoeatct• en blt•ald.qg· cu'4J' An t:be nolrthcn
Put eo4 v~1:r ~••nv 81'0ud. tne •••
well of tile &lduktlsb •1Uitatna .u. cent11a:L Atgb .....
tet•• Ubl.c •• sb<3Ptd l.i.ne oji .u.a mvGnent hae
8:>11owe5 tb•l.toe oti 4BN'U4 £1Dal;)t'tauta. ao~.t.•4.nu
cb.'l.dlsr oC the ~til• d tr&Stqg (I)Man.iilies
of Afgt.erd.aten 14.ke -h• JIQSb-'.le • ~U::QIIkohis of
Heat. (West) Ueb*a of 8o11cb an! ma=-: .... .c.&bal"if
(ilbrth) ard the Gbtltlo4.e Wtc1 the Per&iwan »asbt..
oons os Gha.ni kanaber: (S()uth a soutb-east) • tt
'hQUl,d be obs.-vecS that the maUl body ot the Hazua 1
o:f .fic)\\t~1fe$tfn:'h Afg1umtstan ard the aedantaey
4li:)\Ul'taj.o l'aj.t.ka end KU:gb,tz ot t:he Wekhar» & aettab-. .
shan have el~(J pxov.t.de4 hardieep to tJ;"$n&it
nDVGe:llt5w.
.U) the oeo:.na lact "V4weli.M& ·'• tnet rtne .l&.nes oi
at., aoveaeata ment.f.cuac eaarl.t• ·enci tbe .main
9fDCJJ"~ieal l:tnstee- nUl a.., ... , •• toacw as
36
37
th• •w e.nsin ot Q)JII'QQQI.c:lations en4 •r:aacon. Btdb•• ttt• :ausU.u lrwolvenet lA AtQbaniaen .f.ft
19?9. tbe wol!d t'l'aaaLt .trt Afth~slen •••sal
fl:o• H•at to W.ncU\q -o Obufti ani~ Mabu1 bdln
-*•l.rf9 Pa~aQ ria lb.-.. It ol.ulp show
tb•t 'tNl aaet.ut axle liftM ot m•••• •• to1entillu$ v£i$b p~:esen 481' lat&onal bitbwars in
~gb.UeteA eQ4 wittl .-o4 the tAm••
"'• •s•ert~a o:t Al;bea ••.tonalttr ard 'he c.eat.
toft of .._ aotioa nat• ot Al.tl\edaton •• sr•.- wem:s
poa-' -ooiut a lol'l9 b&noq,. lbw urdbl<Ung the p~es ol
this h.tAo.r 0011 ale ••&nAng •• aabelovteal •"••
to PIO\f• ita 1\Jbataaoe 1s • • .,..,.,. azduou euk. xa tbe ••-.obt.J 4lecNH~oo.. eQ atept to i4 ..... F th•
r.gSoa ..s d-..one ''• ,_.i.tx:.l'iel liJid.t:• baa JMa ao ••
·. tb• t-.rrii:ol'ia$. .wolutlion ot At•wnc hu ,.,.
p•ft!•ld •• • pb-..etDa «•etop.a let the o:tl\t.t ot·
hlstoi'Acal ~eta.., opeet.tao .,,. e 9tiOP8Pbi• envkoa-
••• ·lb•s haa b~~Gft .l.dAu .... bf J.ocaion~ factoX'a
-"lcl\ bel 4a'9utt.S o_..Q.ft poll~_,lt>ldO ard aoeial
to.na have mm tJM to •£.mtr.•co• aD:t ,_. .. to . . .~ .
eweogttt• as wttll .......... th• powcir 'baae o# th:e sta•·· (,<a>palaa.&s~Ul.Q,~ !992) ,
38
ttae SWQlut.SOn of 'h• aai:ion nate ol ~stan
can be ew..tt.t usta •• followl.ag bRC!le ill o#dc· • fa.c.U..
ttete • pr:opa ,.,_po11i:lctel aae1rs.t.•••
a) hflJ' taauenoea,~
b) •• z.two pe:~.ot. o) .._guce ol Mgbaa.t.sten ·es a atat••
4) .. lt)4--. .....
*<':b ofl the hiatosy d Algb~en pJrio# to •b•
#lae ot l-'• 1• obHQI'e aD1 .m:oue~.s in ..,._,,Mcb._
olog.t.cel ns ... 111btob h• \lftGO•v.& so naq atc:t* of
th• peat &D th• .... - --· ... ,. , • .in ,, •
.f.ftfanQJ' ia th.t.• Jre;ioft• • A't th• 8elme tiM .u.ttl.oient . l'eo:>ICSs •• anUeble to ti~GUU .In-~ oll'tli.A-.~ tb_•
P-'t•n of the e1:oq t.o at.t>ltllh tl\e guee:&. wea!l ol
..,.. • .- ~ot the •-• of h*left .aJtM.VQ\1# 1=Mou.;bt:.Nt the
c__.ies:~• (h'u-.~l•,·tt~.~· lftf)·~
•• a8Q1'41d ltQotc ot the ban:ieu • ••• Avate•.
•nUou AfQhq.lfto u put ot "'• ~ttOioA ot .Ada CM11e4
MY••• •• ••• thlt anceetol'a ot the oW.ut ._ • ._. ' ' '
--~ •• •--• ead • .._ .. of All'•• •• aldlO ...._
l.oned .in th• Rig Y~,· lb .. ta· · elao a Olo•• .:lmUluitrl' ' ' ; ' '
. ' \ ;J' ·,,
, .... •v•tt-. l._ag •. «)I 'b• anu• ll'eat.a, .. •All •••
po~a -.bateau-.. oa ... tan-•• ,..,..,_, .. ,81 ... ,..,. ol' q
AIJ'eM, . .t4entil£e4 g.,pepb1eal1J' u et....U.no t~:o•, tbe
auJ.e.&m• 110~ .&ft. the east to tb• put aa~ttu .
,.,.... ol lbl'tb Peaia ift. the westJ - t=m th• Mewso ooen -. tbtt ~· to c• HUdulmlh· anrs lfatab& plat..,•
,(n tb• rDftb.• ( I'Uhwat, · adllao, 1SitU •
IMI'ltti>D el»\tt M7e9 • eAOieftt AttbW•aa &a ~fourd .ta tb• ter>pepblod. wittln\'ls ot MJol., aid &tl'abo•
ln. hia .... .,.k9lct•' cc.aJO a.a.J ...... u ..... ll'lek••
...... ..-.to th• aenoe of 1'1.1Quntdu,j mv tmown •• ~
IUD!ulewb~ •He ttet•• to th• Hitdukueh an! the lUatalaJ'a•
utd• tb:e ~ •.»wna.::ts~,• wb.Sdb app.wa to taave •• .._
etltl41C1 th• llGU'f'• $rdiU ·Q811Mt to .. 'be H&nll\llut8b,* "'#.._• .
39
~1-, w.~ i917)4J. MO!ent #MIOW tlN 4Ual.o•• .,.._..
oft "'• pepl• ot .Utbu.t.,.,. the Qnell Himl'lU.RC'Odotu, ·~ ...
W'Ote of •• •fQlchWih• ~lo<sattd .&a •• <.latdtlao
•-let wb.t.ob bu t;,.-. Ul~ti.S br au Old COIOQ wlt'll '
tr. p.rud 4• •Peebtoou•· o# ·~--~· (N••Jc~.u,...,.
Slr.U.fltl~ 1,1C$t) *• t•pepbtOe ot 'lM• above •• .._,.._.
teidlt,. tp M7ap& .. cU.-.l4td Atlto ~- p~-..DI"\liJ-.efta
("'leh .,oo=uplect '*-l• of '*'Rheift dtbaiatea);,.•oboda
(Wb.t.C!h. (JO'fei.S tM' IIQ~t»eaat.- l)Odi.QD),:tetll tb• Pat:-.
•••• (th• ltlb:4 ~rt..- Yatl~·lb• a.ttr ot ~ •• 1'-·
od144 ~ .......... 3aleleba4 u P1a~'- 1fa9uar fCimdh•a flf$ ~--. .. , •• _,,.,....,,,
. 'f
the Aeha...u4•·wc•·'b• ii#A aooauCOJrs of
Afgbwnao. Jcrowa to binoq.,· Oyj:wt the Gl"ea1: (549-Sit
a.c .) · enabU.ehtJd tb.U:' wl.e wblob wu 1n• · o.lo~
e-taS by DW.f.WI l (522-481 B.-0 •) • ~bet took poa••sion . .
of tb• lea! onb>tb aidM ol •• 1Urd1lkub .en~ 41Wd .. ;
lt tnto "*» s•t•ep.tu oardhua .s a.ea.t.a. the eaa'twa
fi'Onti• of the cp.tn aucnuate4 l)ew.en th• SQJ.a&men
m1at1taina ard the .lrdua. • P inr:lucl«d .t.q,on.ant. f~P.t.c:NJ.,.
-81 erd cultatal eeatr:u .I.D aft O~lo· UGeavoux-ebl•
gcp~~Aal eaYil:onrnen' llk• Paailewar,~ IC8b\4,· Salkh;
Herat, Pea-lib, a.euj ad Dl.dhef'• 1.1\'fr fond 3101.U.
dong •• Q'#eat eaet-wu• tX"a:!e woutea 'Whioh co~ect
•estern ~~t-ueaa wtth Jrdta w th• o.t.tent,, CarJcu,
40
'• 2940).,. Ole ~•eatAe Sul'.duiJIS ame11 Atghaa 'Qt.iJ:)al,
K&agtom•.• a, th.U Strb'epr a.v·•••· the,r p.-lt1;tld eaeh
J:u,~r~pl• in ·t-bflllt -.ue to •'•" W'dW' ~• ow.a leadet~t•
ablp• -...s wu p••• the l>U'th ot 'tb• atibee;u-. U:Utal
tdd O!'fWAtloo enS Clan arne 11lb.tth £• a*'+l .......
., • .,., ot.Afthaa _,__, todar.
~- ,._ 330 a . ..c ....... m•cb ot (lilaaa\eir -· . .
01'-.t fJ:oto. }.Iace'lold.a lnto the Nt.t.•aa -~.He_..,..,
Afghaaistan tbt"o• ..,.__." H••- fowdel Aa.aaell!lc of
'he At.tliei lllW.ahti! '.ut ••u;•aaa(AlOQJ a......,. Vellet ) ..
.s petU~ecJ " -.as.a Cm«•o ~.t-All) • ~·· pn..a.. lbf to ..... some S.l.at.S taribM All nodh•a ~~.Ia
r AFGHANISTAN
ALEXAI~DER'S ITINERARY
MARGIANA
~-~oKojend . j:l, ... '
/ Marcanda SOGP1ANA
I .
Z Nautala ' '
oxiana'o.. 0 ,,Kelift
' ', ' ,,
.... ' ... o- ____ o-' [?dlkh Khulm
BACTRIAN A
ARC
GEDROSIA
40 0 40 80 120 L__--L _ _j_l _ _,__:J
Kms
A1aMS1'1• .of ArebOeio on tbe TWilM ~rt•• uA -be t:Uaat.&.o. . . ' .
eJ.lr .mU4 eouth wut•o Mgtient.etoa nee GhllfiQ&• H• 418'8bl-
1abll4 ret aaoth• AI. • .,..,. of· hwepaai$1•· at; .._._, 10 . .
.U• ~ o·• iCd>ul oll tb• !OOftftU.OC• ol ·Gho~· 8oS
.PenJshec a:!ftl:~" ftO«#..Uog .~»db he c=o·ne4 tb• lbowa
p .. s,·c~a• out at mocSC'Q ~· oa4 eutpJ:1e.t tbe Baet~r.S.aa
.-my at 'ang-.1-!;'a~an ·cnod•o·~ .til s.a.o;aa ~ . .
taee), He paaaf.d at 880b:a (aulkb) l)dJn oa:oM.f.QJ tb• "*"• at Jtel.A.ft. 8-wol¥1 ~· oxu.e, be oOCNpt«l l!aft:alr!•(a«Aul&liud)
·,.,;.'a• . '·· , •
..S ~:&Mti-'t lfbjeat whae he, buUt: ~ecerld.c"ie . .Bachaate
(A1•809.i'te. at the 10ot of the W01'14) t.'PYel.Ung tru:ougb
a-ren ea1 Qhol'baQd· Vall.tt¥e;t he I'Mdl..S t7aldet:Jid., l'&rotG .:b•r~
h• ·f;)lloWtd the 111Qert·1'1'ftt .iQto hjaua:- rud._S~~ l.tnaJ.ly .
h• 2:eacb.O. obild whee be Ol"C)Ne4 the Xrdu• ent1 .ater:ea in
J.ld1e ( Map lf> • 3 . J •
lbe b.;&n&ng Ot. the. Cbl'isttq era ... tbG UQi'tb
o·t the J>J.abao powe Urd• l(eiltabJca•· a-. JU~ -.tetd.a.
flo• Math\l#e to ~ eot· thae tzom. aaou&• to the
fl:o•l.cs of Q~,. ·e.e l.QsahaOs w.-. peat. paw-. of .ACt
ana :reu.g~oa• 8\a4tlli.- tlo'UJ.shc to •· liaPJ:"~ect ;loey
lhe QaOlbca· acbool oi ~ pe-.,.U....s .,, 'the ~ana rev.eJ.,
•• iq,1onance ·~• tax: U;.•·pro~Jo~ o• at:t: •. lb• 14o:
ot 8\d&a ., a-yeo ~·o balono• to ttl• • ..- pctoa.
41
DwrArq ~o ·~ ad ~h C®'\lWr4~M~GQAS::Cqa
t100· 4A~d - .!oQQl ~lf Cly;ltiS'\l&OO~ ~~ tJas OnlY' a~
~bo ana oi ~ho 9~ c~ ~~~G~ la.\c::a ~tt~ci ~
,,g 1:bo HAduh.u~o;. Qo Mob~ \UdQlf CG&Jlpb ~
-~~ !f4c:li ~ ~0 b~ oQ <ibO C)wt4U1ftt M ~O:.
OG~iag tlo~o !o ~o E:lao o.rt4 ~trod 011 Xalao aml •o . ouboequosa tU~oncd o9 Od61co of4 Chrt~laal~.
'ibo 9~ EU14 SOtb <rCftWB'!eo u!~ac& 'CJbo S"Aoo
oil ltVlila:oua looa& <lJ'n~!e:l both ·1'Utld.Oh · a~U! ~onAano orao oQ ~be o=J..AQ;R of! tbso eoo ~o M~Wab.ilfs.d
·4ra~ l1h!Qb inOJ.wca s~tcb 4Uii Ho:!;ot 4l:l !~o ~
oa tttoa~o l'a t~ao ~$dd bJ- o ~tvo 3daai~ 4ya~,. ~ho Bo:ISW!cia am1 su~Saoau~1Y l>Jr ~bo sc::'eo:&4a
un4m \1htob eo~ · a~IU\m\ cmi Sal kh onjoyctl a
(J014a ago~
ar ~bo tl11Ad&o ·OS' ~be 30~1\ ~~;<sbo Blt\110 .
4pa~p qppatm:dl etlt)1J&'l4. ~o. l1ourt&O! bf Mcp"il~!o ,.
. '
s~lNg~.ta h4o eon altd ~son-~ iho·Gtr~ u~ oa . aoaa& •w:fb~ &11 Agghosdnea·uttw h&a ~·~· uo ·
~Qrol lNn.tt!J aid ·~~- Gant camrAd.'bA·a ·caasa &nto tbo "~ oa !daa~ .untA~ h4a·auAO,· ~aa.·1D~ o. op1a=t14 ot~Yi . eo 4ia auo~ C.Loabk= (!Qh) o
42
43
fh• ~Ids ._.. _.,._ oa )?r the Gho~l.a ·•
_,Uftt:a.tn locle.S ._.Aoll ol Boutb nstcn Af;tumistaat• tbe
MeftQQl ~- J:Octce4 tb• Ghol' •'" 814 '' c.u .t.ftt:o .
. the· Utll 805. 14th catu~"lea ..,.. uon cU~us
for •• ngtora ol Af;banbtan• •&41git4tlg w.ttb th• aompaa..
GM of O.aghi• .. ._ f.OU gea.8uon• ot ~· CDo;.u•.S,
plWd_. an4 -~ lh• ,&'GSdl't was tbe <lutiUOt.fon of
the 1cve U1t.lgnton. qrst-. which baS appon.s th•
eopht-.loattd oAtuo ol Ballcht1'tha m£4dle Helrmen4 VeiJ.e.v.
Heat eos GbQQ!• lb• •acJd.ftg aa1 4411P>pulatAoo ot these
· recJf,ona lll'otce the co•&auttv ot Olltul'al 11•• ~bed
ectel¥!fd badkvG~J.Sa to the IO.llba,J eltpll'e CRawe1J.,••1972)'.
Hav&Qlf ~- ttl• ar.-natntng •• erd agJ:iQultul'ol oent
s-esi ~~ t:h• gn&t t.\.Jd.eb 00~:1: atnee b.t.e fJirp1Jte . tUl. t.be abo~:u o! the .f.led&t•an-. Whlob i~Jelu4e4 H•a•, lebd ard ~-
. ttte tU's'· quatw of the lftb ,___, ,.., the
Elrl*:~ ot BabLur;~ a d•oencJeot ot .,_ Who &tHPt the - -' - * .
!ldo-g~,to §lel.ft to GS'i$bl.$ab th• .-,;neJ. ••• ill '
.mste #.a· d24t? 1ft biG t~Jne .~ ....-oei as • Pcodan~
Oep,te\ CiiG'~ l'be Atgbe.Q atlbelll.oft$· O.'UlStMi:lJ' troubJ.td
~~ th• Jtet:* in the line ol ~ela~r A~ 'ibe tlGd
JN1_.4ets_..ine4 to aubclue •• . ...,teQ IWJhtoou liQii
1nstl.tu1:.S a ••• ot al1oweoou to tb• Af.I'W ilarl.b• to
k...., the Jbrb• pass, open 8DCl ua'l• h£$ oontml bdow•
taciCl.t.ng 'he Pce.lall$ .t.n tba bC>I'th nn •. K• ~:~
Jel'dl\u ·eo& belA on to _tb.l• ol"Y uatU hi• 4airb '" 1601•• . . .
(W.Ub.,Doftltl4.- S9G) •· l(.ah!bal' contitN.S iro l>4t •• bone ~~ ,, 1, ' ' '
c:ront.-l.oa b.-w .. the R~Obal• .w the._.., ••• 6ebeftQ'U,_
Shah. ~theA .s AW:'~#' all IIIQI\al ltl.llga of the ltne
RWftlal to 1f.et9 Keo!bc aid 'l(abul .t.n tb. apip•
Mhtle the fonlp JO,_.a v;Lfd witb ..a oth• U1 • 1
gaWno contml ol o:>l"thcn,' weatau aid eestco t.fgbaa-. '
tat an,• a D.DH N.gaJ.•toam: pr:o.-•. ~· l.ta iu~ ba!
b.,.. lbe Pesbtoon 'b-Abes became .t..nc::l:eas.f.ntlY o:>UC#I.ou . . . . ~-
. . .
of the£~' CNl'Usl WU.tr an! tbi.s stl.na4ate4 tbe1W ••~et.
aoce.· ~-al Khan lChattalf, thm tl:'il:tal leaciw, l.S _...e!J:'
l'~d.ton tn the lat• 11th c•tu.J:rf BUlJ' ln th• s.atb
o~ .:.et. ofi the PU.ehtoon #eg!on· es:actea. .i,s autolt)ltf' • '
lhd.b Sheh- the last of· ••· or•~- Cer&t•al M1ea .
oon(l'lla:ox:s eppewaS ·oft the ...-.,)1 AfgbaM.etau ant1 I
Jtecaptw:'f!d i~:,:I·R• also p1tmtt•e4 the •ebulQ'.)UA •tdl• ot tnate uaiQg All4al4.'GhUaaS. ard Mtsi.u Uoo~>•• Attw
b.ts assuaatnet<to~ 1ft 174,,· one of hts A'be.\&;a.t chiefs.~ .
\.
45
~- shah oi Setbae& Cl~ ~nr:olM~oS tbo Aegbca .
foi'COO sftt1 gUQ(d pt)OSOO$!oll of 'tho OS~Oli:'Q _pt:»:tjo~ oB
maiiJr Bbd\11 o ~Us• lle mdo lCmd'la:r as h!o CG>Atal. erd ' . ' \l .
<uribo h~h CDmO· to bo ~- .QO .u~aun. Ho
foadd 0; po~~ ~u-o tlhAa ·.stJ1stdld -~ ~shci . . .
An <tho l10a~ to tho Gm'.lgos plQ.ia 1rl i;l\0 oe.s~ ad ~
~ho owe 1.n ~ho ~ to tho ~cllian aeo .ln tho -who He ibuld tho Paehtcol'IS bat:a 1to gova:n end nto son and
sucac:u»r i'~ ahab. uiow£ ~e oep1to.!. to ~ ~
l1es tn the c ont:s-&1 eoutb-oaet,o; I
~G ~ghan eutonomoue W!bOS COnW~1F d\ellorl0» - ' . . ~;
cd ~no myat eccsntJ.anc.r o!! .t:hcle& atum ant. IU.a eoa ~tctwr .
Shd'lo Conston~ tal!'2ar<l h~ abfi~¢lro4 (~be CQ)IrlftW• «Ji\Gf:fl
t1GD ·J.ncn:ese1ag atvsraa.on o:i: Asian ~tdo rlmc 4Glonta {:()
ooee.a t-ou~oo, tho C:i ttoe ttQC'O 4cdlllft.lng and 'tlho.rro t1os
G&~QM S~at1&n trA.'f'ol!:y botmcaa Sft!oi~O PateiODO
end tho prc::doltl.f.n~lr SUM! Atgbeno.
Sy t91~;. ~~an uas lost~ thG Sikhs~ ISle IJQ!.Jr
of Bokhare oaptureti ~ a:ii other p~o of !'lltl;est:aGo
'J.'hq saao~a1 J?Urranis th\tS aecd .ttietl .ill powor arta presc.a.go . . . . '
t1h1le the ser~lma1t\o;. Specially tho M:uhemmad.aai s~.tv.t.a.
ion oi t:ho C1~· ga.tned streng"t:bt. m 1818 Cost ~~, ' , ' • 'I •
46
M?\}h~ao ad. ooc:n::::3ca ~hQ.Q!J\:lo oa tho~ o1l A1!Poa!~oo
4n taD~" l • . ' ' .
Doat ~CDea·aa~c;::ptct to Q:)aat144a:to =~a ovcza
~o lrcaAoD ~ radlo oiiono ~o tm&BJ' ~h13 ~~1.\0 'CttAboao
Ho oo'oblicbctl'~hQ ~cn'\:o oa o o~e!.!17·t:~~ea
no"\Jllontt. c:sc:u &a Aapodoileaft H&o s~ 1:10.0 Aa:~ctl !);!
~o .Og.S.t1ch Asloa:loft ot 183£» ~.~ AcG 'tO tho U&it~ t\fl.;nOQ
tfll1r ·c:ru.bCCfd'l~1r coeu1t1ng a tm'A~Ach mUA'\lo=y atonotc::ro
1\ft·e:- b1o d~ 1ft aoes3., ~~l.o ax:- con<=oA cga1n @mll~ ' ' '
o llSlQ ·&a con, Sho:J: ».~ gain.dl cotm:ol An 1S as ~ by th.t.s
~.smo, ~a::a.ouo cut~ p,~:oodu.J:o uaa lnU.1 ~ t;p ffl\.11:9 tum
<to J)~ tl~irnonta1 ~ ~0 1rtaOJ:emtO o!l A~oOS.~ODo ii'JO
Rusotoo c::;p.Uo hq'l l:OC.Chctl .ru:n De:r:ya. oC~ogo ~o tru::luo!on
of "llOhl:~ orttl oamOStltand ona uoao G:J~amlv d'lollc:tt:itng
~ho Br1~1oh in no~~otn zn:u.a~ ~~ QOQ)~A~.ions
'(11~h ~o A2ghoao 4e.U.e&, ~o UI:J:aiob ~ct\ ib!l o Scconfl
im?tltlkln !11 1910 o Jolalebrz:G attt1 ttaEtShar t.Yatto o~co. br ~e Dlr1ti:m. Ql tho teaul ~om UOGtJ" ;>1."0Vi4c:ti Colt tb0 S:t!'(:Aeh
$~.talon oi! Mgbo~a.o•o tbt:olgn goolot!ons• A St1~1ob
=tssio.n was .S.~aU<:e An RatlW. but .In l8"19(J1 it t188 J:U~OaS~:::t
11 l1'1\U'de:cdQ aubseqt.l~ tho v~ oa 1n!Uo: otla~ea "ttho
~s:1\.lp to Abaw: a~~ o g:r:~n o~ Dost MU'hatmd Abdwr·
Ach."'Oft t1ao a fl)~ obt'c~ elltl~Urol.,oss &gurs Lea A~a!l
hl~~o ~~~ =tUtt!QllY ps.-opooalo mea 4~c:Q c:N'1ing
hAs !:o19fto ln iSS,? ~e ftUB~ghQD fbloD'C!cs- uaa dolin.la~c:Q
47
xn sass tb• AlgbeD Xt'eni8ft frontier wee 4din.a. :rn 1993,
Atd.c' Abdu Rehman enS sta: Ibn•• D\lln:a...S.. th• BcA:tisb
e&Wo:V. e;rMCS UpOD a line 4t'ftd.ing the •hn4cally .:elated
ttttbel Pb\lP~ populely kmwn as. Dun'Gnfl Llne~ ~• Btthnic
.itw.t;Jlicationa ot Afqbwsten .trn•nstional.· ·bo\Ull!ules ,.
4-.lt .&a elate d'lep~c.
In S901, ~ a$bnusc•it· aon. Hm!bu11eb osca.dtd
the tb1:one atd eet h!ftwel.f to the tae~ oe •cconp11eb4tag
thtit wotks lett wdone by bis fethG~r, a• fo110Wt!ld soit
an! liberal methods t.o per~• l"d.G poliCy of preventing . '
tbcetgn inter."VQQt.ton an4 ntainta.'I.D109 Z:Ofal. gr~ on
internal PQWC~ He brou.gn:t. et:out tntcnel. Stab.U:&.ty
wJ.th Suppo,tt of trJ.bel and r.:L.tg.ioua lea:.ics ~cal
t~vat.t.ona jb\ll'd :oot ia h.t.a z:oeign w!th the oomiss.t.oa.
1ng of the f1tst p:.wc pt:Ojecst(nftl:' Kabul), .t.rdust~£.81
p1antt:J ·atd aOacn z:oaSs.., Signtficent p:o;ress was male
·tb 'he field of edUoatton end Jounal'•• Hab.ib.llleb was
essas-.tnated tn Januur DS ah4 was INCGtMdGd by his
son· amanulllh•
AttUU'lullah =t.iowea en ~esstve P,licz to wtn
eoq,lete l.oSeperd.ence and this aoatn. J:'Gn$feQ ·confltct
w1~n tho Bf'it.t.~~ !lbe A.fghe.n$ suf~eted ;-c;wet:e• after
· J.nit.tal cuccessea-. ~e ~ewltaot -:J:•af:lt of aawatp.inii
gu~ai)tee1 the SovEmeigbtf o£ Afgb~taa .tn 'ts
48
y •
fol"eign Jtelsttons;t: A oouptenEJ~U~ive ldgbao-&•it:.f.eb treaty .I ' '
was neQbed l.n 1192 ~ .I'Jr.terdly Bolsbcwio ove~nos ln:ought . ' '
new changes in ausso-Afghaa l'eJ.e:tioas. a'Gbse;uentlY an '
Afth~•t• 'tl'eaty ot kie.nclship was conolu4.S• Ute
aua,au oiiCletook to provtcle tec:hntae.l am ec:Dnomio
aasutanoe, am81!lt41eb ibitiaterl .:.eor.e )))' ~gatiDO
the ._. ... • <d CDDet1tut.ton Ua J.taJ, 1ntJ:oduet.ton
ot tducat~oel lnftov«tkJn• aDS .ioaHuittg ••• oo 89t . .S.
oul'IUI'• enc:t co__.ce, av the . ..., oe . uaa.l'tlltv*»u erd ' tttbd 1.ea:Jwsh.&p agat..Q enpteer. #CHtlU.Ona begeQ among
Pashtoon tJ:.t.ba,p peacefUl Tajitc. tw:nar:l violent, baa1.ite
oetn.S. d0ntl01 .ol the muntq .. .- u.S the gave:.... wee '
on th• V'411'0'• of a collapse. Mllt'Nl1ah allllr4taat.S aat left
Afghantatea to# .U• in ftaly wwe be 4iec! late.
zmr•oal .t..natigves aDS dlstw:bemoes. follow«t
,_._., Oppo#t:ton ,ezytJtal.l.ltt.S \Udc the 1eascshlp ot
~- ab-., who was th• lea:lear ot ·trNt lllaahibao fad.ll'
d.Oa!datda :koUt tb• hfal Sedoada anc1 MuhaM~adaeia
elena, aeau ahm o:>neenuat.s his eifode. on J:ebu.UdJ.ng '
<b'lt.au.,tho.-iV to ut&lieh aup•ee pol&tlcel aid m41.t.t-
417' po._. za Stilt a new <"»nnl~ioll w•a .:kafted. 1>1'
wbiah Atthaa&nu wu to be goyw~MC~. br a f.U.r ollgc.
obJ' • S'Qbatdt&al · ~•c .4We\opm.n wu 4\so lnitiatfd
' . ea:>nomic or:gan1oat£onA .. ~o aant;..&.MU1A (Nat~nal.
. . . Bf.\M) ~· · lt Jimmgc4 pctvato f:it'ms b~ing monDpoly
l:i.OCSQCQS- the <bft.,fo~: ctp:u:t atd impo~ tred.f:l; A .. mode$t b¢qintng tn tho l'tl)dorritac:A o«on4_.,. s~
t1es msa.e Wb~ ~~.U.o Jdlls anfl cauant plents \101:'0
' ot~d. N'~Att· Sbeb t~aa csscttetn&tdl to 19Sl d tho
Wod\iban ~o eolWit1ua4 to nlo Ulll1~ 'tho AoshtM•
shtp o~ his tht~ ~hC:oc0
Dw:.l.ng ~ho 11~ oa f!2tlhe::me:tl acbu sh•(son of
N'dk Sbch) it~llab1o PCOO#OSS t:fGS QS:do to 'tb$ gf.eld J
o:e <Xlu.c~Aoa- foJtoign turoto, estebl&ebm~ of iecd.li"'-
Aos to pt:Oooss t:~ mat~,l.alo, eat plennetl cont~:al ,.
auti\oc-1_. o'\?t:C uibal . QJ.GmGD~s.,. Push~ vas ~hOOi~fetl ..
as tho no.t.lonal langu.ago and Gnt»u:c-agod ot the c=p<moe
o£ Pa:oicn,o Dco~o tlotel~ CIC)J$Anuca. to be tho . maJot 'eell of abah MCGU6.. end lata: oD Oa.t4.t tho .tt:o . .
oubD~~ sulerc;~ It tJU dur:tng .oad• e !Nlq, tilo-t the
dectolon uas mdo to tw~C<l;>fl aussieft eiJ# Bast ~peen . eco·rJOmio ami mUl'EIIJ' OUlo .Dad ~~¢4 Algha.U.-an · .
49
1:bl'oUgb 0 ·P?C'£o4 Oil ~QC'.toUG :l.ntGtAel pJ:GSSUI'OS .am! chet:p
tue'tu1 I.Q its fc:u:ool<JQ po11qy ... Hi$ cons4d:a-eblc eec:omp~
S.$hta~s ~ho hEn:llO$SS1ftq of vaot lJI'CI)ums. ot fo~:Oign e!cl1
the o1.Wnatton oi ta-Abd tbJ:'oat$ to tho goVE!I'ntneat
'alU:o\tgb ~amteetion o! tbe m:aw. the ~hGr axpensl.on
ol rrod•a lomDP o! c4ucat,Aoa tmd. the cdgec:ttve 4GV'oUiag
I_
of women. wee eee •• lqtag the fould.atllou fb~r a
ctw •• of poltctea.• ( ..,ell~ca• , 19,a) • lPt:om the eboY•. atscueel.o ... 'the fbUowlng
coaol,.atou ce clwlr 4.lsoeJta.l.bl ..
50
'~be main l'n• of sis ~s lerdq •
au'b•~ h~ioel PI'Oet~a•• bave ioll.ott*l ~icNl.w
ens u pi'O'rid.S btl aultabl• pbJ'a.'ko-feog&"apbJ.o emruoa
ment. l'h.a eros nUl C"Emain th• atclei' oj u.oveaont
ol pcopl.• etJ. vti.l •s vaSe,.
She #Ull•t h.lato.r;leel uanato.DUet:ton h.a.
cau•.S ¢011•14•8ble d•elopaeAt along f:b• mao lines ot
Gt. .,v•ellU• :ro~: -~• Heat, Kanahu, Ghasmt.
~~ ~eltcb .atJl ..... .t-aher'l•conttoue '1.11 today to
be tb• mdn M:>I'Cmic .ard oultical centcw ot Afotten.t.stan.
MSF t#ont 'tbta -.t.._....,. t:he cSwel.oprfteot has been: meape.
Jn tame ol te!ereaoe to ~litloal· <Je()gJr"apby, 'the areas .
away fzom •• ads •• '··· rewe, oJowrajU,• <llo~:,
Ol'\189an, et<h beiu-e 'been 'U.IIate1• acea. ba9.tng pol1t£oal
~u aa ·G9'eft toder·-.
!he f«;-poli,la.l JDtdt.._ pfDt'tAc..,~£on of
some o,t the ethnlo ts»Upa along~· main lu• ot ax&e
m:rrt41'fteni: •·•<~•Nato~ tajJ.lca.Aiilaq ttrd &alWCb~a, ..
etMto CDl'lftWli .. le.~ etd hav• dfeottd Afuhfll'l polit.la.al.
atr:uotqe aid .~1\i~JU:atton,
~ SUlll ~. the SocdD C!Ul•al p~cn oi ethnic ;
s4Wttlements aleo ,._to CIOmr«cVe along t:he H.-&'b
Kancih8.l' • <llucd. • .Kebul .. Balltb.. Dia end •ea:u lJ.neat;
wheJ:'fts •efl~1tnonte aeen toRe .c&i=-t.-.s .a.n centl"al ard
nonn Af;beitstan,
. .
51
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