Definition: fallacy in which ridicule or mockery is substituted
for evidence in an argument this line of reason has the following
form: (common names) = appeal to mockery and horse laugh Other
names: x is some form of ridicule is presented therefore claim C is
false. This sort of reasoning is fallacies because mocking a claim
does not show it is false.
Slide 2
3) There might also be a dragon with five legs in my house, but
no one has ever seen it (217) Act 3. 4)
Slide 3
Definition: a fallacy in which someone states that some event
must follow another without any argument for the inevitability of
the event in question. Other words: Domino Effect, Chain Reaction,
Chain of events,
Slide 4
Universal Example: Event X has occurred (or will or might
occur). Therefore event Y will inevitably happen. Crucible: Rebecca
Nurse is no Bridget that lived three year with Bishop before she
married him. John Proctor is not Isaac Ward that drank his family
to ruin. (To Danforth) I would to God it were not so, Excellency,
but these people have great weight yet in the town. Let Rebecca
stand upon the gibbet and send up some righteous prayer, and I fear
shell wake a vengeance on you. (p.232) [Paris]
Slide 5
Slide 6
Def: when a person draws a conclusion about a population based
on a sample that is not large enough (Stereotyping, Assumptions).
Universal Ex: Sam is riding her bike in her home town in Maine,
minding her own business. A station wagon comes up behind her and
the driver starts beeping his horn and then tries to force her off
the road. As he goes by, the driver yells "get on the sidewalk
where you belong!" Sam sees that the car has Ohio plates and
concludes that all Ohio drivers are jerks. Crucible Ex: They were
murdered, r. Parris! And make this proof! Mark it! Last night my
Ruth were ever so close to their little spirits; I know it, sir.
For how else is she struck dumb now expect some power of darkness
would stop her mouth? It is a marvelous sign, Mr. Parris(173).
Slide 7
A technique when a person tries to lead a person or a group of
people into fear and prejudice toward a competitor. Common name
includes: Scare tactics, appeal to force, and ad baculum Universal
Example: Hitler and the Nazi regime Let either of you breathe a
word, or the edge of a word and I will come to you in the dark of
some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will
shudder you. (175)
Slide 8
Definition: To discredit a person, that anything else that
person states is false. Universal example: A student discredits
that the teacher doesnt know how to teach a certain subject and is
a horrible teacher. When the teacher messes up with a problem or
states a false fact, the students will all believe that the teacher
doesnt know anything about the subject. Believing everything the
teacher says is false is a horrible teacher.
Slide 9
Crucible Example: At first Abigail is being questioned by Hale
and Abigail then proceeds to accuse Tituba is a liar and Tituba
called the devil. After that everyone believes Tituba is a liar and
that she is nothing but guilty.
Slide 10
Definition: an argument that concludes a proposition is true
because many people/most people believe it (*appeal to the people)
Common Names: -appeal to masses, appeal to belief, appeal to
majority, democracy, argument by consensus, consensus fallacy,
authority of the many, and bandwagon fallacy, and in Latin as
argumentum ad numerum ("appeal to the number"), and consensus
gentium ("agreement of the clans"). It is also the basis of a
number of social phenomena, including communal reinforcement and
the bandwagon effect. The Chinese proverb "three men make a tiger"
concerns the same idea.
Slide 11
Universal Example: People who vote by majority, such as juries
serving in courts is an example of authority of many. The Crucible
Example: Abigail begins the mass hysteria through accusations of
the people Of Salem, and the girls begin to abide by Abigails word.
Abigail: I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with
the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop
with the Devil! Betty: I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw
Goody Howe with the Devil!...I saw Martha Bellow with the Devil!
Hale: It is broken, they are free! Abigail: I saw Goody Sibber with
the Devil! Putnam: The marshal, Ill call the marshal! Betty: I saw
Alice Barrow with the Devil! Hale: Let the marshal bring irons!
(Act 1, page 189)
Slide 12
Slide 13
Ad Hominem Red Herring False Dilemma Attacking a persons
character, rather than answering the question. An irrelevant topic
is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue.
Situation in which only 2 alternatives are considered when in fault
there is at least 1 additional option.
Slide 14
Universal- Ad Hominem: Bill is a priest he says abortion is
wrong Dave says he has to say that because he is a priest but Bill
actually thinks abortion is wrong. Red Herring: Making grad school
requirements stricter False Dilemma: Bill is dead or he is alive,
Bill is not dead, Therefore is he alive. Crucible Ad Hominem: Will
you confess yourself befouled with Hell, or do you keep that black
allegiance yet? Red Herring: We are going to help you tear yourself
free- False Dilemma: John Proctor confesses or he doesnt. John
Proctor confesses to continue living. He doesnt confess and gets
hanged.
Slide 15
Slide 16
Definition: Question that is worded so that the answer is
expected. Example: Have you stopped cheating on examinations?
Slide 17
Definition: Loaded or emotive terms are used to attach morals
or values to believe in the proposition. Example: Good students who
care about succeeding in life will always do their homework each
and every night.
Slide 18
Definition: A fallacy when a proposition relies on an premise
within itself to establish the truth of the same proposition.
-Using the statement itself as evidence against an issue.