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KS3 Physics
8I Heating and Cooling
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8I Heating and Cooling
Contents
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Changes of state and evaporation
Summary activities
Radiation
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Heat is a type of energy.
Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy possessed by particles.
If something gains a lot of heat energy, it becomes hot – so what is temperature?
Heat energy is measured in joules (J).
How many joules are there in a kilojoule (kJ)?
What is heat?
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Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
(It is not the total amount of energy contained in the object.)
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (ºC).
The freezing point of water is defined as 0ºC (at 1 atm.).
The boiling point of water is defined as 100ºC (at 1 atm.).
Temperature can be measured by a variety of different thermometers. These include liquid in glass, digital, thermocouple and bimetal strip thermometers.
What is temperature?
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The correct phrase for heat transfer is ‘thermal transfer’.
Heat energy can be transferred (moved) by four processes:
1. conduction
2. convection
3. evaporation
4. radiation
In each process, thermal energy is also transferred in the way:
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.
Heat transfer
HOT COLD
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1. All substances are made up of particles (atoms, ions or molecules).
2. These particles are attracted to each other, some strongly and others weakly.
3. These particles move around (i.e. have kinetickinetic energy).
4. The kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature.
The particle model
The differences between solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the particle model:
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What happens to the gas as the temperature increases? Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
Temperature and energy
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8I Heating and Cooling
Contents
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Summary activities
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
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Take care whilst doing this experiment:
Wear safety glasses.
Do not touch mot metal objects!
Wash any burn with cold water for ten minutes.
Conduction of heat in different materials can be investigated in an experiment.
Conduction experiment
Apparatus: 8 cm strip of copper
8 cm piece of wood
Bunsen burner
stopwatch
blob of wax
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Add a blob of wax to one end of the copper and hold the other end in the yellow Bunsen flame.
How long does it take for the wax to melt and drop off the metal strip?
Now do the same for wood.
Why are the times very different?
Conduction experiment
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Metals are good conductors of heat because:
Metals have atoms inside them and lots of free electrons.
The free electrons can move around and vibrate.
The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the metal.
Conduction in metals
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Which material feels warmer if you touch a piece of wood and a piece copper metal, both at room temperature (i.e. both at 25ºC)?
The wood feels warmer because it is a poor conductor.
It cannot conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as
Conduction – compare a metal and a non-metal
the copper which is a good conductor.
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Non-metals are poor conductors of heat.
In a non-metal, heat energy is only passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons).
This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.
Conduction in non-metals
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Metals are good conductors of heat and non-metals are poor conductors of heat (insulators).
Are liquids good at conducting heat?
Use some gauze to hold an ice cube at the bottom of a tube of water.
Carefully heat the water at the top of the tube only, until this water is boiling.
If the liquid is good at conducting, the ice should quickly melt – it doesn’t.
0ºC
100ºC
Conduction in liquids
Liquids are poor conductors of heat (i.e. good insulators).
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Liquids are poor conductors of heat (good insulators).
Are gases good at conducting heat?
Carefully hold a safety match 1 cm away from a Bunsen burner flame. (Do not put the match in the flame!)
If a gas is a good conductor, the air between the flame and the match should conduct heat and light the match – it doesn’t.
Gases are poor conductors of heat (i.e. good insulators).
Conduction in gases
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Material Conductor or Insulator?
metals very good conductors
non-metals insulators
liquids insulators
gases good insulators
vacuum excellent insulator
Conduction – summary table
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To understand how heat can be transferred by convection, the idea of density is important.
If water, oil and air are mixed up, they will settle out in order of density – which one will rise to the top?
The air is least dense and rises to the top, the water is the most dense and sinks to the bottom – it depends on how far apart the particles are.
Convection and density
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Can you explain how the convection current moves using the idea of density?
The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen using potassium permanganate as a dye:
heat
This cycle is called a convection current.
Convection current in a liquid
heat
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Convection currents cannot occur in solids because the particles are held in fixed positions – but can they occur in gases?
Place a candle at one side of a litre beaker.
Place a piece of card down the centre, leaving a gap of 2cm at the bottom.
Make some smoke with smouldering spills and watch the path of the smoke.
Can you explain why this happens?
Convection current in a gas
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When shaft mining was first used to mine coal, convection currents caused by an underground fire were used to ventilate the shafts:
Why do you think miners don’t use this method anymore?
Convection currents in coal mines
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Convection currents in a pan of boiling water
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8I Heating and Cooling
Contents
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Summary activities
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
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Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves.
These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength.
This means that infrared waves act like light waves:
They can travel through a vacuum.
They travel at 300,000,000 m/s.
They can be reflected.
They cannot travel through opaque materials.
Radiation
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Paint four thermometer bulbs with the following colours:
black white silver red
Place each thermometer into very hot water for one minute.
Take it out of the water, start the stopwatch and read the temperature.
Read the temperature every 30 seconds and record the results in a table.
Radiation experiment – instructions
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Colour 0 min
0.5 min
1 min
1.5 min
2 min
2.5 min
3 min
3.5 min
4 min
Temp change
black
White
silver
red
Which colour of the thermometer bulb radiated most heat?
Radiation experiment – results table
white
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Either:
Or:
b) Draw a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis and time on the x axis.
Draw four lines on the graph, one for each colour.
Radiation experiment – results analysis
a) Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis and colour on the x axis.
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A cup of tea takes up to 30 minutes to go cold.
This depends on the colour and shape of the cup.
Design an investigation to find out the best shape and colour of a cup to keep tea warm for longer.
Radiation investigation
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8I Heating and Cooling
Contents
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Summary activities
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
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At a cold enough temperature, even substances that are normally gases will become solid.
At higher temperatures, solids change to become liquids or gases – as long as they don’t catch fire or decompose first.
Water can be a solid, liquid or gas.
States of matter and temperature
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Each change of state is given a different name:
solid liquid gasmelting
freezing
boiling
condensing
Changes of state
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Changes of state activity
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If a solid is heated, its temperature rises until it reaches the melting point of the solid.
At the melting point, the temperature stops rising whilst the solid melts. This is because heat energy is going into separating the particles rather than raising the temperature.
Once all the solid has melted, the temperature starts to rise again until it reaches the boiling point.
At the boiling point the temperature again stays the same as energy goes into further separating the particles.
Changes of state – heating curve
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melting
freezing
solid liquid
boiling
condensing
liquid gas
tem
per
atu
re
time
solid
liquid
gas
Changes of state – heating curve
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Changes of state – cooling curve activity
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Evaporation occurs when the particles in a liquid escape to form a vapour.
Evaporation can occur at any temperature but it occurs most rapidly at a liquid’s boiling point.
The particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles and so the temperature of the liquid falls.
What is evaporation?
Evaporation is another method of heat transfer.
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Take four equal masses of cotton wool and soak each one in a different liquid – ethanol, water, propanol and octanol.
Wrap each piece of cotton wool around the bottom of a thermometer and secure it with a rubber band.
Read the temperature every 0.5 minutes and record the results in a table.
Evaporation experiment
Evaporation from different liquids can be investigated using this experiment:
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Temperature (ºC) Liquid
0 min
0.5 min
1.0min
1.5 min
2.0 min
2.5 min
3.0 min
Temp. change
(ºC)
ethanol
water
propanol
octanol
Evaporation experiment – results table
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Either:
1. Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis.
Put type of liquid on the x axis.
Or:
2. Plot a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis.
Put time on the x axis.
Plot four lines, one for each liquid.
Are any of the results anomalous?
Evaporation experiment – results analysis
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8I Heating and Cooling
Contents
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Summary activities
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
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Glossary
conduction – The way that heat energy travels through solids because their particles are close together.
conductor – A material that allows heat energy to flow through it.
convection – The way that heat energy travels through liquids and gases because their particles are free to move.
heat – A form of energy, measured in joules (J).heating – The transfer of heat energy.insulator – A material that does not allow heat energy to
flow through it.radiation – The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic
waves, and which does not need a medium.temperature – How hot or cold an object is, measured in
degrees Celsius (°C).
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Anagrams
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2. Why does take-away food often come in aluminium containers?
3. Why do elephants have big ears?
1. How does a cup of tea lose heat by conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation?
Heat transfer questions
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Name the three processes that cause energy to be lost from the home.
Which areas of the house lose energy?
What can be done to prevent this energy loss?
Heat transfer – energy losses
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Multiple-choice quiz
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