Anatomy and Physiology Honors
Ms. Sunday
Chapter 1An Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
The Basics
Biology – the study of life› Living organisms have 5 basic functions:
Responsiveness Organisms respond to change in their immediate
environment Growth
Over their lifetime, organisms increase in size through cell growth
Reproduction Movement Metabolism
Organisms use chemical reactions to create energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement
Anatomy is Structure; Physiology is Function
Anatomy› “a cutting open”› The study of internal and external
structure and the physical relationships between body parts
Physiology› The study of how living organisms perform
their vital functions
Anatomy Anatomy can be broken down into gross anatomy
and microscopic anatomy› Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
Considers features visible with the unaided eye Surface anatomy-study of general form and superficial
markings Regional anatomy-considers all superficial and internal
features in a specific region of the body Systemic anatomy-considers the structure of major organ
systems› Microscopic anatomy
Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Subdivided into specialties Cytology-analyzes the internal structure of individual cells Histology-examines tissues, groups of specialized cells, and cell
products that work together to perform specific functions
Physiology
Human physiology-Study of the function of the human body› Cell physiology-study of the functions of living
cells Both within cells and between cells
› Special physiology-study of the physiology of specific organs
› Systemic physiology-considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems
› Pathological physiology (pathology)-study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Levels of Organization
To understand the human body you must understand its levels of organization› Chemical (molecular) level-a molecule’s specialized
shape determines its function› Cellular level-molecules interact to form structures that
have specific functions in a cell› Tissue level-tissue is composed of similar cells working
together to perform a specific function› Organ level-organs consist of 2+ different tissues
working together to perform specific functions› Organ system level-organs interact in organ systems› Organism level-all of the organ systems in the body
work together to maintain life and health
11 Organ Systems
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphoid system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
The Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:› Forms external body
covering› Protects deeper tissues
from injury› Involved in vitamin D
synthesis› Prevents desiccation,
heat loss, and pathogen entry
› Site of pain and pressure receptors
The Skeletal System
Structure: 206 bones of the human body
Function:› Protects and supports
body organs› Provides a framework
that muscles can use to create movement
› Mineral storage Bone contains 99% of
the body’s store of calcium
The Muscular System
Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
Function:› Locomotion› Manipulation of the
environment› Maintaining posture› Thermogenesis
(generation of heat)
The Nervous System
Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Function:› Fast-acting control
system of the body› Monitoring of the internal
and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity
› Information Assessment
The Endocrine System
Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands› Pituitary, Thyroid,
Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart
Functions:› Long-term control system
of the body› Regulates growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.
The Cardiovascular System
Structures: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:› The heart pumps blood
thru the blood vessels.› Blood provides the
transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.
The Lymphoid System
Structures: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow
Functions:› Returning “leaked” fluid
back to the bloodstream› Disposal of debris› Attacking and resisting
foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)
› Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
The Respiratory System
Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:› Constantly supply
the blood with O2, and remove CO2
› Regulate blood pH
The Digestive System
Structures:Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:› Ingestion and
subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells
The Urinary System
Structures: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:› Removal of
nitrogenous wastes› Regulation of
body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity
The Reproductive System Structures:
› Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
› Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands
Functions:› Making Babies
Homeostasis
Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing) Refers to the existence of a stable internal
environment; living organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive
Homeostatic regulation-the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis. Involves 3 parts:› A receptor-sensitive to a stimulus› A control center-receives and processes receptor
information› An effector-responds to the commands of the
control center and opposes/reinforces the receptor
Negative and Positive Feedback
Negative feedback opposes variations from the norm, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them
Negative feedback-regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
Positive feedback-the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:
Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from
body
Surface Anatomy
Anterior Position(Supine)
Posterior Position(Prone)
Cephalon or head
(Cephalic)
Directional Terms
Lateral
Distal
Planes of Section
Anatomical Locations
Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior
surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head
Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of
the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast
Anatomical Locations (cont.)
Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the
skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb Popliteal: behind the
knee Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back
between the hips Scapular: shoulder blade Tarsal: ankle Thoracic: chest
Body Cavities Many vital internal organs
are housed in chambers called body cavities that have essential functions:› Protect the organs from shock
and cushioning them from jolting that occurs when walking, running, or jumping
› Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs
Dorsal body cavity-protects the nervous system› Contains the brain and spinal
cord
Body Cavities (cont.) Ventral body cavity (coelom)-appears early in
development and gradually subdivides as the organs it contains grow› Diaphragm-divides ventral cavity into thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities Thoracic-subdivided into the pericardial cavity
(containing the heart) and 2 pleural cavities (containing the lungs)
Abdominopelvic-subdivided into the abdominal cavity (containing the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine) and the pelvic cavity (small portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs)
› The internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera
Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes have two layers› Parietal serosa-
lines internal body walls
› Visceral serosa-covers the internal organs
› Serous fluid separates the serosae
Quadrants
RUQ› Liver
LUQ› Spleen
RLQ› Appendix
LLQ› Sigmoid colon
Abdominopelvic Regions
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